试论传统中国土地国有制的实现形式和途径

The Realization Form and Implementation Measures of the Traditional Chinese Land State ownership

春秋战国时期,诸侯国为了在争霸战中取胜,纷纷建立了土地的国有制,为了实现土地的国有制,历代王朝采取了各种措施和办法。在唐中期以前,以直接控制土地和人口为侧重点,在唐中期以后,国家变革税收制度,土地税以征收银两为主,利用市场价格关系实现土地的国有制。土地兼并和土地集中是土地国有制的必然产物,它反过来对土地的国有制造成冲击。为了更好地实现土地的国有制,国家采取种种措施和办法,比如采取控制人口、丈量土地、政治干预等等办法,除此之外,国家还利用各种办法间接收税,比如像汉代的专卖制度。

In the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period,in order to win Hegemony war,Vassal states have established the state-owned land system.In order to achieve the system,the dynasties have taken various measures and methods to control land and population before the mid-Tang Dynasty and focus on the tax system on the basis of the market price after the mid-Tang Dynasty.Annexation and concentration of land is the inevitable result of the state ownership of land,which in turn impacts onto the land of the state-owned.In order to better implement state-owned land system,the states have adopted various measures and methods,for example,taking the way of population control and measurement of land,political interference,in addition,using a variety of ways to take tax indirectly,such as the monopoly system in Han Dynasty.