剩余价值、全球化与资本主义——基于改进卢森堡“资本积累论”的视角

Surplus Value, Globalization and Capitalism: A Perspective Based on an Improvement of Rosa Luxemburg’s Theory of Capital Accumulation

人们在援引马克思的资本主义理论进行全球化问题研究时,往往停留于马克思关于"世界历史"或"世界市场"的现象性描述,而未能从剩余价值实现方式的理论原理上来看全球化对资本主义的意义。其原因在于我们对剩余价值实现条件理解上的欠缺和对马克思辩证法的误解。而卢森堡及柄谷行人则在对马克思的批评中提出了富有意义的新理解,前者在政治经济学层面上提出了世界市场对于剩余价值实现的意义,后者则为卢森堡的这一阐释提供了哲学方法论上的支持。马克思所强调的世界市场是资本主义的存在条件,全球化则意味着资本主义殖民化的全面完成,以及全球资本主义获取剩余价值的国家地区间差别性优势的逐步减弱。一旦由于全球化的资本主义不再有能力通过国家地区间的差别性优势获取超额剩余价值来缓解社会矛盾,则资本主义的总危机时代就要无可避免地到来。全球化既是资本主义发展的新阶段,也是其终局。

In citing Marx’s theory on capitalism to study the globalization issue, people tend to stay on the phenomenological descriptions of 'world history' or 'world market', and fail to realize the implications of globalization for capitalism from the view of the realization way of surplus value. However, Rosa Luxemburg and Kojin Karatani have thrown new lights in this respect. Luxemburg raised the significance of world market in the realization of surplus value in terms of political economy, while Karatani provided support for Luxemburg’s interpretation in terms of philosophical methodology. Whereas the world market emphasized by Marx constitutes a precondition for the existence of capitalism, globalization indicates the completion of capitalist colonization and the gradual lessening of differentiated advantages across countries/regions gained by global capitalism in extracting surplus value. Once globalized capitalism is unable to ease its social contradictions through differentiated advantages, the general crisis for capitalism will become inevitable. Globalization marks both a new development stage and the end of capitalism.