《尚书》“笔”体考述——最早的书面文字与“文笔之辨”溯源

Investigation on the "Written" Style of Shang Shu(The Book of History): A Study on the Earliest Written Words and a Tracing to the Source of "Written Documents"

文字作品构成的途径有二:一为先"口出"后"笔书",如古史官所谓"记言"以构成书面文字作品,"口出"有时将经历一个较长间隔才得以"笔书";二为直接构成"笔书",并非对"口出"的记录所成。《尚书》作为记言的古史,多为对"口出"者的记录,但亦有当时就为"笔书"者,此即《尚书》中标明为"书"者,一是先"笔书"后"口出"者,如祝文、命龟之辞、命文(诏命);二是典、占兆书、占兆纪录、簿册文、刑书之类的单纯"笔书"。这些"笔书"即"文笔之辨"意味的最早的"笔"体。这些"笔书"之类文字,具有契约性、公家公用性的特点。对最早一批"笔书"之类书面文字的探索,具有"文笔之辨"溯源的意义。

There are two ways of construction of written works.One is ＂kou chu＂（spoken out） first and ＂bi shu＂（written down） later,and,just as what ancient official historian called ＂jiyan＂（recording spoken words） to form written works.＂Kou chu＂ sometimes will experience a relatively longer time to be written down.The other way is writing down directly,not by way of recording spoken words.As an ancient history book of ＂jiyan＂,Shang Shu is mostly records of spoken words,and part of it also directly written down at that time,which is marked as ＂shu＂（written）.Some are.written records first and later spoken out,just as congratulatory messages,divine words on turtle bones and imperial edicts,and the others are classical works,books of divination,records of divining practices,books of punishment,notes and accounts.These written works are the earliest of ＂written＂ style.They have features of contract and are for public use.The exploration of the earliest written works has the significance of tracing of the source of ＂written documents＂.