明清“上”类双音节方位词比较研究——以《型世言》《儿女英雄传》为例

A Comparison of Disyllabic Nouns of Locality “Shang” in the Ming and Qing Dynasties——A Case Study of Xing Shi Yan and Legend of Heroes and Heroines

通过对《型世言》、《儿女英雄传》中"上"类双音节方位词的计量对比研究发现,从数量分布上看,《儿女英雄传》占据了绝对的优势,非常接近其在现代汉语中的分布。从功用的角度来看,尽管从明代末期到清代中叶仅仅只有200多年的时差,但双音节方位词在两书中却有着不小的差别:在《型世言》中,"上"类双音节方位词的用例分布不广,且基本上只能单用,作主语、宾语、状语,极少数用作补语,且用例较少;而在《儿女英雄传》中,"上"除了单用,还可以与其他词联合成短语,作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补语及兼语,甚至独立成句。另外,"上"类双音节方位词在《儿女英雄传》中的用例较多,用法与现代汉语基本相仿,由此我们看到词汇从明到清,向现代汉语方向发展、演化的轨迹。

A contrastive statistic study of the disyllabic nouns of locality like ＂shang＂ in Xing Shi Yan and Legend of Heroes and Heroines shows that Legend of Heroes and Heroines dominates in the quantity distribution, very close to its distribution in modern Chinese. From the functional point of view, there are striking differences between the disyllabic nouns of locality in these two books though there are merely more than 200 years from the end of the Ming dynasty to the middle of the Qing dynasty. In Xing Shi Yah , there are few examples of disyllabic nouns of locality like ＂shang＂, and generally speaking, they are used as individual characters, acting as subjects, objects, or adverbials, and rarely as complements. However, in Legend of Heroes and Heroines, ＂shang＂ , apart from the use as an individual character, can also be used as a phrase by combining itself with other characters or words. They can be used as subjects, objects, attributes, adverbials, complements, as well as compound words, or even a clause. In addition, there are many examples in Legend of Heroes and Heroines, and their use is basically the same as that in modern Chinese. Therefore, we can find the track how fast words have developed and evolved into modern Chinese from Ming dy- nasty to Qing dynasty.