断裂与承续:清季民国甘肃士绅的社会流动

On Gentries' Social Mobility in Gansu at the End of Qing Dynasty and the Early of the Republic of China

引发清季民国士绅社会流动变化的原因是多元的:首先与科举废止有关。科举废止后,清廷除了鼓励士绅进入新学,同时还通过举贡考职等手段,使得士绅依旧有着入仕机会;其次,民国鼎革,国体变更,意味着士绅作为传统社会特权阶层历史命运的终结。自晚清以降,实业兴国思想激荡,商人地位提升,士绅进入工商领域成为时尚;最后,基于习惯、民国文官制度未能及时建立以及新学教育普及不够等原因,遗民、入仕、塾师依旧为士绅的生存方式。

Multiple factors caused gentries＇ s social mobility from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the early of the Republic of China. First, it had something to do with the abolition of imperial examination. The Qing government encouraged gentries to get into the new schools and supplied them political opportunities. Second, the rise of Re- pubhc of China, with state changing which meant the end of gentries enjoying a special social status. In the late Qing Dynasty, the idea of industrial revitalization arose, the social position of businessman was promoted. It was popular for gentries to enter the business field. Third, the civil service system was not established. The new educa- tion system was not popular enough. Being officials or private school teachers were a way to survive.