走出主体性困境——河流的生存论反思

Being Out of Predicament of Subjectivity:Reflections on the Existence of Rivers

在全球气候变化和人类活动影响下如何维系河流健康和水资源可持续利用,是当前人类社会需要认识、研究、反省和采取适当对策的重要问题。西方哲学的主体间性转向既与西方近现代社会面临的社会危机和发展困境密切相关,也与近代主体性哲学自身的矛盾相关。主体中心理性高扬人的主体性使人类意识到自身改造自然的力量,忽视河流自然的整体性和价值尊严,导致对河流盲目的征服和开发,人与河流的关系遭遇空前危机。应从价值与伦理双重角度来评价河流开发行为的正当性和合理性,以尊重河流健康生命为价值标准,建立广泛的河流伦理,把道德关怀对象扩展到河流生态整体,用一种基于现代理性的眼光去评价被人类忽视的河流价值。用对话、交往理性取代主体中心理性,从"主体性"转向"主体间性",从实践论和生存论出发建构一种互主体性的河流伦理观,用主体—主体关系来代替主客体关系进行理性重建并审视河流环境问题。构建河流伦理理念,树立河流环境道德意识,为河流生存危机走出伦理困境提供可能性视角。

At present,because of the global climate change and the frequent impact of human beings on rivers,it is of great necessity to realize the importance of making rivers be in good condition and keeping sustainable development of water resource.Intersubjectivity turn of western philosophy is related with both social crisis and development predicament that modern western society faces.Subject-centered rationality highlights the subjectivity of human beings,making human beings be aware of their own force to remake nature and ignoring integrity and dignity of the rivers.Then,rivers are blindly conquered and developed,which results in unprecedented crisis of man-river relationship.Therefore,it is necessary to evaluate the legitimacy and rationality of river development activities.It is compulsory for human beings to respect the healthy existence of rivers and to establish ethics pertaining to rivers.Also,the overall ecology of rivers should be taken into consideration in order to evaluate the value of rivers based on modern rationality.Dialogue and communicative rationality should replace subject-centered rationality.Changing from subjectivity to intersubjectivity,a intersubjective ethics based on practice and existence can be established.To rationally rethink about environment issues of rivers,subject-object relationship should be replaced by subject-subject relationship.To go out of the ethics predicament of rivers' existence crisis,it is important to construct ethics idea of rivers and to have moral consciousness of river environment.