现代大伦敦的空气污染成因与治理——基于生态城市视野的历史考察

On the Air Pollution and Its Management in Modern Greater London: A Historical Survey from the Eco-city Perspective

19世纪以来英国的工业化和城市化进程,既创造了巨大的物质财富,也给人类社会带来沉重的负面效应,其中空气污染就是代价之一,成为生态城市建设的重大障碍。伦敦首先对以烟雾型的空气污染成因进行分析与治理,接着对汽车尾气中的二氧化硫和铅污染进行治理。新世纪以来,则着重开展对二氧化氮和可吸入悬浮颗粒的监测与治理。从空气立法到大伦敦市长的空气质量策略,从拥堵费到低排放区,从以自行车为代表的绿色出行到对工地街道扬尘的治理,表明了伦敦市政府对空气污染的治理越来越深入全面,治理空气污染的手段也在推陈出新。

The industrialization and urbanization process has created enormous physical progress as well as huge negative effects on human society from the 19th century onwards in Britain. Air pollution is one of the prices human paid and it has become a major problem of eco-city building. At first London analyzed the causes of smog-type air pollution and deal with it by air legislation and removing heavily polluted factories from inner city. It then managed the emission of combustion gas, SO2 and lead in particular, from 1980s onwards. Since the beginning of the 21st century London has focused on monitoring and reducing the emission of NO2 and PM from cars, roads, and construction demolished sites. Those moves, from air legislations to Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy, from congestion charges to Low Emission Zone, from Green Action represented by cycling to the application of dust suppressants, shows that Greater London Authority deals with air pollution more and more thoroughly over time, and the ways to clear the air are also renewed regularly along the way.