微山湖鸟类多样性特征及其影响因子

Characteristics of the bird diversity and the impact factors in Weishan Lake

2010年10月至2011年9月期间，使用样线法对微山湖鸟类多样性进行研究。共发现鸟类132种，隶属13目39科，其中留鸟39种，夏候鸟33种，冬候鸟14种，旅鸟46种，分别占全部种类的29．6％、25．0％、10．6％和34．85％；国家二级保护鸟类有12种，省级重点保护鸟类16种，另外50种和16种鸟类分别列入中日、中澳候鸟保护协定。灰鹤、乌雕、沙鸱和白顶鹏4种鸟类在南四湖首次记录。根据微山湖的地理和植被状况，将研究区域划分为水域、次生林、农田和居民区4生境，不同生境中鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener指数高低为沼泽水域〉次生林〉农田〉居民区，Pielou指数高低为沼泽水域〉农田〉次生林〉居民区。次生林和农田鸟类群落的相似性指数最高，沼泽水域与居民区的相似性最低。春季末期鸟类多样性指数和均匀性指数最高，秋季末期最低。冬季鸟类种类最多、密度最大，春初鸟类种类最少、密度最小。距居民区的距离、距公路的距离、植被盖度、人工池塘数目、水面积比例和深水面积比例等对鸟类多样性影响显著。

Studies on characteristics of bird diversity and factors affecting it were conducted using line transect method in Weishan Lake in Shandong Province, China, from October 2010 to September 2011. A total of 132 species were recorded. These species belong to 39 families and 11 orders. Thirty-nine species were residents, 33 summer migrants, 14 winter migrants and 46 passing migrants, which accounted for 29.6% , 25.00% , 10.6% and 34.85% of all species respectively. 12 species are listed as the second order in national protection animals, and 16 species are listed as provincial protection birds, other 50 species and 16 species of birds are respectively listed in Sino-Japanese migratory bird protection agreement and Sino-Australian migratory bird protection agreement. Four species such as Grus grus, Aquila clanga, Oenanthe isabellina and Oenanthe hispanica were firstly recorded in study area. According to the geographical and vegetation in Weishan Lake, study area was divided into four habitats such as swamp water, secondary forest, farmland and residential areas. Shannon-Wiener indexes decreased from swamp water, secondary forest, to farmland and settlement community, and Pielou indexes decreased from swamp water, farmland, secondary forest to settlement community. The similarity coefficient of bird community was highest between farmland and secondary forest communities, and lowest between swamp water and settlement communities. The result of analysis on the diversity of bird communities showed that Shannon-Wiener and Pielou indexes were highest in late spring, and lowest in late fall. The number of bird species and density were highest in winter, and lowest in early spring. Distance to settlement, distance to road, vegetation cover, pond number, water area and water depth had the significant impact on bird diversity.