樟树油樟、脑樟和异樟化学型的叶精油成分及含量分析

Analysis on constituents and contents in leaf essential oil from three chemical types of Cinnamum camphora

于3月和5月分两次重复采集樟树油樟、脑樟和异樟3个化学型、每个化学型采集10棵样株的叶样;用水蒸气蒸馏法提取每棵样株的叶精油,从每棵样株精油中吸取等量精油,组成该化学型的混合样;用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对每个化学型的叶精油成分进行分离鉴定;采用峰面积归一法确定各成分的相对含量。结果表明:(1)不同采样时间(3月样为老叶,5月样为新叶),同一化学型精油成分种类及其含量基本一致。(2)不同化学型之间,精油成分种类差异显著。油樟精油成分有51种,已鉴定出39种;脑樟精油成分有54种,已鉴定出47种;异樟精油成分有54种,已鉴定出40种。在已鉴定的成分中,3个化学型鉴定出的不同成分共有73种。其中3个化学型共有的成分有16种;油樟与脑樟共有的成分有9种;异樟与脑樟共有的成分有7种;油樟和异樟共有的成分有5种。油樟特有成分有9种;脑樟特有成分有12种;异樟特有成分有12种。(3)精油中主成分及其含量差异显著。油樟叶精油中含量大于1%的成分有8种;含量大于10%的成分有2种,即桉叶油醇和β-水芹烯;主成分桉叶油醇,两次试样的含量分别为53.38%和50.80%。脑樟精油中含量大于1%的成分有9种,含量大于10%的成分有1种,即樟脑,其含量两次试样分别为65.21%和73.40%,为绝对主导成分。异樟叶精油中含量大于1%的成分有9种;含量大于10%的成分有4种,其含量两次试样分别为:异-橙花叔醇为26.02%和29.21%,桉叶油醇为17.66%和18.05%,三甲基-2-丁烯酸环丁酯为13.90%和16.01%,异丁香酚甲醚为13.66%和12.07%,即异樟叶精油中没有占绝对主导的成分。

The leaf essential oil was extracted by steam distillation method from three chemical types such as cineol type, camphor type and iso-nerolidol type of Cinnamum camphora, and ten sample tree＇ s leaves from every type were selected and repeated two times in March and May. The leaf essential oil of every sample tree＇ s leaves was extracted by using steam distillation, the equivalent essential oils were absorbed from the essential oils of every sample tree＇ s and then constituted the composite sample of the chemical type, The constituents and contents of the essential oil for every type were tested and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. The results were as follows： （ 1）The constituents and contents of the essential oil extracted from the three chemical types in different sampling time in Mach （old leaf） and in May （young leaf） were almost as the same. （2） The essential oil constituents were very different among three chemical types; There were 39 components identified from the 51 cineol type essential oil, 47 components from the 54 camphor type, and 40 components from the 54 iso-nerolidol type; and in the identified components from the three types, there were 73 different components, of them only 16 components were the common components for the three types, 9 components were the common for cineol type and camphor type, 7 components were the common for iso-nerolidol type and camphor type, and 4 components were the common for cineol type and iso-nerolidol. Meanwhile, the distinctive components in the cineol type were 9 kinds, in the camphor type were12, and in the iso-nerolidol type were 12. （3） The main components and their contents of the leaf essential oil among three chemical types were different significantly. For the cineol type, the main components which the contents were more than 1% were 8 kinds, and the dominant component was cineol, its content for two sampling time was 53.38% and 50.80%, relatively. For the camphor type, the camphor was the main components which the content more than 1% was 9 kinds, and.the dominant component was camphor, and its content reached on 65.21% and 73.40%, relatively. And for the iso-nerolidol type, the main components which the contents more than 1% were 9 kinds; the most component was iso-nerolidol, but its content was only 26.02% and 29.21%, relatively. It means that there was no absolute dominant component in the type. This research can provide the foundation for breeding, cultivation and chemical utilization in C. camphora.