合院住宅在北京的使用与流布——从乾隆《京城全图》说起

The Application,Spread and Distribution of the Courtyard-dwelling:A Hypothesis based on the Analysis of the Complete Map of Peking in the Qianlong Period

本文以乾隆《京城全图》为依托,讨论了明代至民国时期合院式住宅在京城的使用与流布情况。指出明代朱元璋制定的适用于大官人之"样房"可以看作后世标准合院的先导,它强调了与廊院相关的一正两副型院落的官宅身份,并促成这种院落获得了较大的流布空间;乾隆时期京城一正两副型住宅的采用是有限的,而标准合院更少;民国时期,由于社会的错动以及北京人口的增长,不但造成一正两副型住宅数量的增加以及合院的"平民化",并且连曾经十分少见的抄手游廊也成了所谓北京"典型民居"的必配要件。

This passage mainly discussed the application, spread and distribution of the Courtyard-dwelling in Peking from the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China based on the complete map of Peking in Qianlong Period. It is indicated that the high-ranking official＇ s Yang-fang, which was formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang, could be taken as the origin form of the Typical Courtyard-dwelling. The Yang-fang not only underlined the official dwelling identity of the one-original-plus- two-copies courtyards related to Gallery- court, but also made this type of courtyard spread and distribute around. The one- original-plus-two-copies courtyards were limited in the Qianlong Period, with the Typical ones much less. However, as society changed frequently and the population of Peking grew, the one-original-plus-two-copies courtyards increased and turned common, with the unique round-court veranda becoming an essential component in Typical Peking Dwelling.