敦煌寺院戒牒文书所反映的净土信仰研究

The Research on Pure Land Faith Reflected in the Documents of Buddhist Certificates in Dunhuang Temples

敦煌遗书中保存有数十件戒牒文书,大体可分为俗人戒牒、僧尼戒牒两类。这些度牒文书使用于度牒仪式,举行仪式的地点是敦煌当地的三界寺、龙兴寺、大云寺等寺院,以三界寺居多;其授戒师则多是三界寺的道真。本文对戒牒文书中三师的历时变化做了研究,认为这些戒牒文书的少部分采用归义军以前的戒牒式样,多以释迦牟尼佛为和上,以文殊师利为羯摩阿阇梨,以弥勒菩萨为教授师;而大部分作于归义军时期,以阿弥陀佛为坛头和尚,以释迦牟尼佛为羯摩阿阇梨,以弥勒菩萨为教授师。后者突出了阿弥陀佛的地位,并且在三师中最终确立了以阿弥陀佛为坛头和尚,以弥勒菩萨为羯磨阿阇梨的格局。阿弥陀佛和弥勒菩萨都是净土信仰中的教主,他们在三师中占据三分之二的席位,这反映净土信仰在敦煌地区民众心理上已经打上了深深的烙印。

There are dozens of documents of Buddhist certificates among Dunhuang manuscripts, which can be roughly divided into two categories： documents for Laities and documents for Buddhist monks and nuns. These documents are used in certificates ceremony. The ceremony location is the local temples in Dunhuang, such as Temple of the Three Realms, Longxing, Dayun Temple ,mostly in Temple of the Three Realms. The ordained master mostly is Michizane monk who lives in Temple of the Three Realms. In this paper, I do a study of changes about three ordained teachers in documents of Buddhist certificates and consider that a small portion of these documents adopted the patterns before Gui Yi Jun, which took Sakyamuni Buddha as a monk, Manjusri as Jiemoacarya, Maitreya Buddha as the professor. And most of documents of Buddhist certificates were made in the period of Gui Yi Jun, which took Amitabha as head of Buddha monk in the altar, Sakyamuni Buddha as Jiemoacarya, and Maitreya Buddha as the professor. The latter highlighted the status of Amitabha. In the final a pattern was established in three divisions head for the altar, which took Amitabha as head of Buddha monk in the altar, Maitreya Buddha as the Jiemoaearya. Maitreya and Amitabha are the leaders in Pure Land faith. They occupy two-thirds in the three divisions of the seats. This reflects the Pure Land Faith has been marked a deep psychological imprint in Dunhuang local people.