不同尺度中国大陆灵长目物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系

Large-scale Geographic Pattern of Primate Species Richness in China's Mainland at Different Spatial Resolution and Its Relationship to Environmental Factors and Human Activities

物种丰富度的分布格局及其成因有多种假说,其中生态假说中能量假说、生境异质性假说和气候假说目前被广泛接受.本文通过代表不同假说的26个环境变量,同时也利用人口密度、农田牧场面积表征人类活动强度,分别在100 km×100 km、200 km×200 km和400 km×400 km尺度上,基于特征值的空域滤波模型的方法分析中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度与环境因子和人类活动之间的关系.结果表明,在所有分析的空间尺度上,中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度呈现纬度梯度格局,即由南向北逐渐递减.其中,华南区的滇西南山地省和滇南边地省是物种最为丰富的区域,东北区、华北区、蒙新区和青藏区大部分地区基本上没有分布.在不同空间尺度上,虽然影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度格局的主要因素不相一致,但环境能量假说(以潜在蒸发散表示)和气候假说(以年均温度表示)相互作用,共同影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度地理分布格局.当表征人类活动相关的指标和环境因子一起分析时,结果表明人类活动强度对灵长类物种丰富度地理格局有影响,这对加强灵长类物种保护有参考意义.

Among many hypotheses proposed to explain large-scale patterns of species richness, three alternative versions of ecological hypothesis, the species-energy, habitat heterogeneity and contemporary climate hypotheses have shown widespread empirical support as the primary determinants of species richness. The database of 26 environmental variables, indicators of the different hypotheses, and human density and crop-agricultural area, indicators of the intensity of human impacts were used to explore large-scale patterns of species richness and their environmental determinants for primate in China's Mainland using eigenvector-based spatial filters models （SEVM） at 100 km^100 km, 200 km^200 km and 400 kmx400 km spatial resolution. The results suggested that primate species richness varied significantly on latitudinal gradients, decreasing from south to north. Species richness peaked mainly in mountain province, including western Yunnan and borderland province in southern Yunnan in southern China, but few species richness were found in the northeastern China, northern China, Mongolia-Xinjiang China and Qinghai-Tibet China at all spatial resolutions. At the different resolutions, the primary predictors of large-scale primate species richness patterns in China's Mainland were not all the same. However, ambient-energy hypothesis （indicated by potentialevapotranspiration） and climate hypothesis （indicated by annual mean temperature） may work together and best explain patterns of primate species richness in China's Mainland at different spatial resolution. Our findings showed that the intensity of human impacts had effects on large-scale patterns of primate species richness when considering the intensity of human impacts together with environmental variables. Our results provide the necessary conservation implications for habitat loss of primate species richness.