锂离子电池火灾危险性研究

Research on Fire Hazard of Lithium-ion Battery

为解决锂离子电池在应用、运输中的火灾安全问题,并为锂离子电池火灾扑灭技术研究提供支撑,以钴酸锂18650型及大容量的聚合物锂离子电池为研究对象,通过开展针刺、短路、耐热等滥用试验寻求锂离子电池及电池组引发火灾的条件和因素。通过开展燃烧试验,分析锂离子电池的燃烧特点。试验结果表明:正极材料为钴酸锂的18650型锂离子电池自燃温度约为170℃,大容量的聚合物锂离子电池组在内部短路后,可能发生燃烧甚至轰燃现象且燃烧残留物温度高,易引发火灾;18650型锂离子电池在短路条件下会长时间持续放热,存在引发火灾的可能;单只锂离子电池燃烧后能够引燃相邻的电池,从而形成电池组的连锁燃烧反应。

For the sake of solving the fire safety problem of using and transporting lithium-ion batteries,and establishing the foundation for extinguishing the lithium-ion battery fire,18650-type and polymer lithium-ion batteries were chosen as the representative samples to be tested for fire hazard characteristics.Abuse tests as prick,short circuit and heating were carried out to find out the condition and factors which cause the lithium-ion battery fire.And lithium-ion fire characteristics were analyzed through fire tests.Test results show that the self-ignition temperature of 18650-type lithium-ion battery is about 170 centigrade,polymer lithium-ion battery pack might catch fire or even flashover when there is short-circuit inside and the fire residue temperature is high which links to fire risk,that under the condition of short-circuit 18650-type will release heat continuously which may cause fire,and that the heat released during a single battery burning is strong enough to ignite the adjacent battery,which will set off a chain combustion reaction.