布鲁杆菌实验室诊断技术研究进展

Research progress of laboratory diagnostic techniques for Brucella

布鲁菌病是一种人畜共患传染病,生物种型较多,感染主范围广泛,传播途径多样。对人类致病的主要有羊、牛、猪、犬等4种,呈急性或慢性感染,临床表现为败血、发热性疾病或骨组织、器官系统的局部感染。布鲁菌病的诊断主要以流行病学史、临床表现以及实验检查为依据。因布鲁菌病的临床表现复杂,必须通过实验室分析来确证,诊断可直接进行血培养或通过间接免疫反应对微生物抗原进行检测。布鲁菌病临床表现不一,无症状感染形成抗体常是其特点,因此,当不能直接进行血培养时,血清学检查常发挥重要作用。布鲁杆菌常规细菌培养分离及鉴定耗时,操作繁杂,存在操作人员面临被布鲁杆菌感染及病菌从实验室扩散的风险。近年来出现的新型免疫学方法和聚合酶链反应(PCR)具有较高的敏感性和特异性。作者将布鲁杆菌实验室诊断检测技术进展做一综述。

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis.There are numerous species of Brucella,which can infect the hosts in various routes of transmission.Brucellosis in humans can be caused by any of the 4 main species（B.abortus,B.melitensis,B.suis and B.canis）.This is a disease presenting as acute or chronic infection in humans,and manifesting as a septicaemic febrile illness or localized infection of bone,tissue,or organ systems.Brucellosis diagnosis is primarily based on epidemiological history,clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations.Since the disease presents with a great variety of clinical manifestations the diagnosis must be confirmed by laboratory analyses.The diagnosis can be done directly by isolation of Brucellae from blood cultures,or indirectly by the detection of the immune response against the microbe＇s antigens.Asymptomatic infection is frequently characterized by antibody formation in people with no history of symptoms consistent with brucellosis.Hence,serological tests play a major role in diagnosis when the bacteria cannot be detected by culture.The routine identification and differentiation of Brucellaspecies is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process which frequently places personnel at risk of laboratory-acquired infection and the bacteria from laboratory diffusion.In recent years the appeared new immunological methods and polymerase chain reaction has high sensitivity and specificity.The article reviews the laboratory diagnostic techniques and research progress of Brucella.