开发中国:“民族旅游”与“旅游民族”的形成与影响——以“穿青人”、“银水寨”和“藏羌村”为案例的评述

Opening China:The Initiation and Influence of Ethnic Groups and Tourism

本文试图通过“穿青人”、“银水寨”和“藏羌村”的“个案”分析 ,说明中国“旅游民族”的产生及其影响。因开发“民族旅游”而派生出来的“旅游民族”现象是多向、多因的互动过程 ,既有政府为发展、加速增长、解决中西部少数民族地区与东部发达地区差距增大的政治、经济和社会考虑 ,也有被“开发”的少数民族借此突出并推进自身地位及价值的历史、文化意图。“民族旅游”拓宽了中国旅游行业的“产品”范畴和客源种类 ,有利于境内外市场的未来竞争 ,“旅游民族”的出现则强化了中国社会“多元一体”结构中的族群身分及其各自不同的文化分野。由于“开发”在目的上的短期功利色彩以及参与“开发”双方之主体性的不对等 ,“旅游民族”每每处于商业化的“被表达”状态 ,他们的想法和声音不同程度也受到干扰和扭曲。如何解决此类可归为具有普遍意义的“发展与保护”的问题 。

The article shows the initiation and influence of Chinese Tourist Ethnic Groups through the analysis of people in Black,Silver Water stockade villages and Tibetan and Qiang villages. Ethnic Groups Tourism widens the product category of Chinese Tourism and its benefit to the future competence in both domestic and overseas markets.The appearance of Tourist Ethnic Groups strengthens the ethnical identity and its respective culture in Chinese social structure.However,due to the short term utilitarianism and some other factors in the course of tourism development,Tourist Ethnic Groups are now in a state of commercialization.How to solve such development and protection problems needs a further study.