由鲲鹏神话论及鱼鸟互化运动图式

On the Revolving Motion Schema of Fish and Bird with Reference to the Kun and Peng Myth

《庄子.逍遥游》中有关鲲鹏神话的记载,一般被认为是鲲化为鹏的承续性神话。笔者认为其中存在着两种神话类型,并分别归属于鱼鸟神话的两个亚型,即鱼鸟互化的承续性神话和鱼鸟独立的共存性神话。它们又可细分为鱼鸟同体、鱼化为鸟、鸟化为鱼、鱼鸟共存、鱼的不死性和鸟的超越性等神话母题。就互化和共存而言,鱼鸟地位不对等。鱼的容纳性、复生性,促成了鱼鸟互化的循环和鱼鸟共存的可能。两种神话类型相互影响、生发,具有循环往复的动力特征。由此构建的运动图式,关联着古人的时空、方位、性别和宗教观念,体现着以具象表现抽象的表达方式和人类早期神话哲学:以大圆统摄的时空观和以母神经验的生命观。

The record of the Kun and Peng myth in Xiao Yao You by Zhuangzi is usually considered as the only alternative type, namely the transformation from Kun into Peng. This paper holds that there exist two types of myth, one is the transformation from Kun to Peng and the other the co-existence of Kun and Peng, both of which belong to two subtypes of fish-bird revolving and coexisting myths. In detail, there are such motifs as the consub- stantiality of fish and bird, fish passing into bird, bird passing into fish, co-existence of fish and bird, deathless fish and exceeding bird. In terms of the two types, the status of fish and bird is not equal. The fish＇s characteris- tics of integration and immortality promote the revolving cycle and co-existing opportunity of fish and bird. Those two types connect to, entangle in, and produce each other, displaying the dynamic revolving feature. The motion schema they construct associates the ancients＇ concepts of the space-time, the azimuth, the gender and the reli- gion. It reflects the abstraction by the figural art and the human＇s early mythological philosophy, namely the space-time idea coming from the Great Round and the view of life sense coming from the Mother of God.