肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的处理

Treatment of hepatolithiasis with bile duct stenosis

肝内胆管结石是指肝总管分叉以上的胆管结石.在东亚及东南亚一些国家和地区发病率很高,而在欧美国家发病率低.肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄发病率高,据报道国内胆管狭窄的发生率为24.80%-41.94%,肝内胆管狭窄是肝内胆管结石的主要病理改变,两者互为因果.长期存在的结石,合并肝内胆管感染、狭窄及胆汁淤积,常导致胆石存在肝段实质萎缩,甚至恶变.结石、炎症及狭窄3者互为因果,由于其反复发作的炎症、胆管狭窄及手术后残留的结石,肝内胆管结石合并狭窄一直是临床治疗的难点之一.因病变部位不同,其临床表现也因人而异.一般而言,其临床表现往往不如肝外胆管结石那样严重,但治疗难度却明显高于肝外胆管结石.B超诊断肝内胆管结石的准确率很高,近年来随着经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography,PTC)、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)、磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholan giopancreatography,MRCP)等先进诊断技术手段的应用,肝内胆管结石及狭窄得以更及时更清晰的诊断,其治疗方法也取得一定进展.术前进行详尽的影像学检查,明确结石及胆管狭窄所处的具体位置,针对不同患者的病情,制定恰当的个体化治疗方案尤为重要.本文结合我们的治疗体会探讨肝内胆管结石合并胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗问题.

Hepatolithiasis is a disease prevalent in South- east Asian countries that is characterized by the presence of stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts proximal to the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. The goals of management include efficient elimination of stones and stasis, relief of strictures, total biliary drainage, maximum protection of functional liver tissue, and reduc- tion of surgical complications. The diagnosis can be best established by direct cholangiogra- phy such as percutaneous transhepatic cholan- giography or endoscopic retrograde cholangi- ography. Magnetic resonance cholangiography can delineate detailed information on the bile ducts, which is useful in the planning of treat- ment for hepatolithiasis. Though non-operative biliary decompression by endoscopy and inter- ventional radiology is effective in controlling infection, surgery by multiple methods remains the mainstay for the treatment of stones and strictures. The bile duct stricture carries a high risk for postsurgical intrahepatic calculi; hence, permanent relief of stricture in hepatobiliarysurgery is mandatory. The aggressive resection strategy is recommended for an atrophic seg- ment resulting from hepatolithiasis to achieve complete clearance of the stones and relief of bile stasis. For therapeutic purposes, we recom- mend a combination of multimodal treatments to improve results. It is necessary to choose the most suitable and optimal therapeutic ap- proaches in selective cases in the treatment of complicated hepatolithiasis.