黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护

DISTRIBUTION,STATUS AND CONSERVATION OF BLACK-CRESTED GIBBON (HYLOBATES CONCOLOR)IN CHINA

黑长臂猿 (Hylobates concolor)是现生 1 1种长臂猿中其系统地位最低的灵长类。历史时期长臂猿曾广泛分布在我国南部的大部省区。自公元 4世纪以来 ,它们的分布发生了很大变化。分布区从北到南 ,从东到西急剧缩小 ,现黑长臂猿缩小到只在海南岛、云南南部和越南北部 ,已分化为 6个亚种。分布于我国的 5亚种中 ,海南亚种 (H . c. hainanus)现今仅 2 0余只 ,是最濒危的一个亚种 ;.北部湾亚种 (H.c.nasutus) 50年代曾在广西西南部发现 ,60 - 70年代已绝迹 ;指名亚种 (H.c.concolor)主要分布于越南北部、滇南和滇中哀牢山。滇南约有 1 0 0余只 ,滇中哀牢山可能有 40 - 60群 ,1 80 - 2 4 0只 ;景东亚种 (H . c. jingdongensis)为滇中无量山的特有亚种 ,现有 1 0 0 - 1 1 6群 ,430 - 50 0只 ;滇西亚种 (H . c. furvogaster) ,只分布在滇西南的沧源、镇康、云县和耿马等地 ,约有 2 6- 4 2群 ,1 0 0 - 1 50只。现今 ,黑长臂猿的分布区已不足1 0 0 0 Km2 ,总数量约 1 0 0 0只 ,为高度濒危的灵长类动物。造成黑长臂猿濒危的主要原因是 :热带和南亚热带原始森林的被破坏和缩小、人类活动的干扰使生境破碎和恶化、过度猎捕和长臂猿自身的生物学弱点。目前 ,中国的黑长臂猿已在 9个自然保护区中得到保护。

Black\|crested gibbon ( Hylobates concolor ), an earliest distinct taxon in phylogeny and a more endangered species among 11 extant species of gibbon, is now mainly distributed in South of China and North of Vietnam. Althouth its historic distribution was widely extended to Taiwan, Fujian in the East, to Yunnan in the west, to Qinling in the North and to the Island Hainan in Southeastern and Southern China, they are now only found in Hainan Island, south and middle of Yunnan, China and northern Vietnam, the total distribution area is less than 1000 km\+2.This species totaled about 1 000 individuals.Taxonomically, extant black gibbons can be divided into six subspecies, five of them distribute in China. (1) H. c. hainanus distributed in 12 counties to the south of 'Nada\|Tunchang\|Qionghai', Hainan Island with no less than 2000 individuals before 1950s, but in 1980s only about 15 individuals of 4 groups live in Bawanlin Nature Reserve, it is the most endangered subspecies in concolor gibbon; (2) H. c. nasutus was discovered in southwest of Guangxi in 1950s, but disappeared in 1960s-1970s, the living animals could be found in northeastern Vietnam, and are estimated less than 50 individuals; (3) H. c. concolor , this subspecies is mainly distributed in Northern Vietnam and south Yunnan, it was once widely distributed in south and southeast Yunnan, now its distribution is restricted to Luchun, Jinping, Hekou and Pingbian in South Yunnan with about 100 individuals and to North Vietnam (probably no more than 50 animals),and Mt. Ailao, middle part of Yunnan (about 180-240 individuals belonging to 40-60 groups); (4) H. c. jingdongensis , it is only distributed in Mt. Wuliang, middle of Yunnan, and it is estimated to include about 300-400 animals ; (5) H. c. furvogaster , it is only found in Changyuan, Zhengkang, Yunxian and Gengma, southwest of Yunnan, and about 30-50 animals belonging to 10-15 groups are left. So far, black gibbons in China are protected in 9 nature reserves, among which Bawanglin Nature Reserve and Wuliang Nature Reserve are national and provincial reserves respectively and aim at mainly to protect black gibbons. After more than ten years protection and management, the shrinkage of distribution area and decrease in number of this animal have been stopped, and the status is maintained in the level of middle 1980s.