中国铅污染的调查研究

Review on Lead Pollution in China

阐述了中国铅污染的调查结果,包括:历史回顾、群体铅中毒事件、燃油铅污染、燃煤铅污染、铅中毒率统计和防治研究等6个部分。历史回顾从人类对铅污染危害认识的3次飞跃,反映了铅污染由公共卫生问题上升为人类社会问题;中毒事件调查,告诉人们企业的违规排铅,是铅中毒事件的罪魁祸首;燃油污染调查结果表明,汽油无铅化后,燃油大气铅年排放量比从前平均降低了98%左右;燃煤污染的调查结果表明,中国燃煤铅排放量年均增长9.55%,到2010年,中国燃煤铅排放量突破14 000 t,是汽车尾气铅排放量的35倍,且燃烧大气铅排放量与儿童铅中毒率之间存在显著的正相关关系;中毒率的调查结果表明,2003—2007年中国儿童铅中毒率平均为23.61%,比1994—2003年的35.27%有显著降低,但2007年为23.5%,比2006年的17.2%有所反弹;防治研究指出,中国对铅的研究主要是涉及铅毒理和铅污染防治等方面的研究,2006年发表铅文献量接近1 600篇。防治对策是污染源控制和人群监测,发铅与血铅监测同样可靠。

A review is given on investigation on lead pollution in China including six part, including history review, the survey of lead poisoning, fueling lead contamination, coal - fired lead contamination, lead toxication rate and preventive measures. History review states the three leap of lead pollution hazards known by human, developing the public healthy problem to become human social problem. Lead poisoning events tell us that the enterprises＇ illegal emissions are the arch - criminal of plumbism. The conclusion that the annual emission amount of fueling air has been declined about 98 % averagely than before, has showed in the investigations; and that not only the coal -burning lead emission amount nowadays in China has an average annual growth of 9.55 % , but also had broken through 14 000 t in 2010, which was 35 times to the car off- gas. The positive correlation between atmospheric lead emission and children poisoning rate is obvious. Survey concluded that the mean of Chinese childrens＇ lead poisoning rate is 35.27 % in 1994 -- 2003, and 23.61% in 2003 -- 2007, which is a bit rebound compared with 17.2 % in 2006. Prevention research points out, the studies on lead, which have been published 1 600 pieces in 2006, mainly relate to lead toxicity and pollution control. Preventive measures are to control the pollution source and to monitor by human, lead surveillance in hair and blood is reliable as well.