波利比乌斯论撰史中的“失真”问题

Polybius's View on "the Truth Distortions" in Historical Writings

鉴于晚近以来希腊史学的现实情势,波利比乌斯以各个阶段代表史家的创作实践为例,通过史评方式详尽考察了历史写作中的诸多"失真"问题。依据"失真"的不同界定、表现和原因,主要包括四个层面:缺乏军政实践与直观调研,缺乏基本的史识素养,缺乏客观公允的叙事立场,偏重艺术审美而以辞害意。波氏就相关论题的批判性探究不仅有助于阐释《历史》写作的题旨、方法,而且也在一定程度上映射了城邦危机背景下古希腊史学的流变轨迹与发展动向,特别是"求真务实"优良传统的式微。

In view of the actual condition of Greek history over the recent writing practice of representative historians at each stage, and by making years, by citing the historical historical comments, Polybius made a detailed and thorough investigation of a lot of ＂truth distortions＂ in the historical writings. According to their different definitions, representations and causes, ＂truth distortions＂ were typically displayed in the following four aspects： lack of military - political practice and intuitional survey; lack of basic historical attainments; lack of objective and partial narrative attitude; too much preference to esthetic value resulting in severe distortions of real meanings. Polybius＇ s critical inquiry about the pertinent problems was not only helpful in interpreting the theme and method of the Histories, but also, to some degree, reflected the evolutional course and developmental trend of ancient Greek history, especially the decline of the fine tradition of ＂seeking truth from facts＂ under the circumstances of the crisis of cities and states in ancient Greece.