从“同文”到“国文”--戊戌前后张之洞系统对日本经验的迎拒

From "Tong Wen"to "Guo Wen"-The Recognition and Refusal of Zhang Zhidong System towards Japanese Experience before and after the Hundred Days Reform

清季戊戌前后,在日本朝野兴亚论者的鼓动下,并受康、梁一派译书论影响,湖广总督张之洞曾颇以提倡"东学"、"东文"自任。但随后康、梁流亡日本的现实,却迫使武昌督府对来自日本的新学理、新语汇持谨慎态度。张之洞系统对"东学"、"东文"的前迎后拒,颇值得玩味。清末所谓"东学"的内涵至为繁杂:既包括以日本为中介的西方科学知识、民权思想,亦不排除张之洞、梁鼎芬等"清流"出身者看重的"伦理"、"汉学"、"汉文"。在癸卯年参与重订学制时,张之洞强调"读经"及"中国文学"课程,表面上是抵拒"日本文体";与此同时,却通过对明治日本"国文学"、"国语"、"读书"等科的创造性转化,以"文体"问题为媒介,设想了一种文化引进模式,亦即代替"和文汉读"式的直接搬用,即便麻烦也要用义理化的"国文"来传达功利化的"新学"。

Before and after the Hundred Days Reform in Qing dynasty, Zhang Zhidong, governor-general of Hu-Guang, promoted the Japanese studies and its language. But after Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were forced to leave China for Japan, his atitude changed and became prudent in viewing the new theories and vocubulary from Japan. The opposite attitude of Zhang Zhidong system in Japanese studies and its languange is worth pondering.