文艺社团的转型与延安文学制度的建立

The Transition of Literature and Art Organizations and the Establishment of Literature System in the Liberated Areas

延安文艺座谈会召开以后,解放区文学迅速走向了体制化,并且形成了规范中国文学发展的当代文学制度。作为延安文学制度的基本构成要素之一,解放区文艺社团的转型直接推动了延安文学制度的建立。延安文艺座谈会召开以前,解放区文艺社团呈现出多样化的发展形态,但主要是以知识分子作家为主体的"知识分子型"文艺社团为中心,以"自由"、"民主"为核心的启蒙意识和批判精神是"知识分子型"文艺社团的基本理念。延安文艺座谈会召开以后,毛泽东的"讲话"成为中国共产党的文艺政策,以"乡村剧团"和"文工团"为代表的"工农兵型"文艺社团取代了"知识分子型"文艺社团,成为解放区文艺社团的主体。"工农兵型"文艺社团以"讲话"确立的"工农兵方向"为唯一的社团建构理念,成为解放区后期文学发展中政党意识形态的传播者。作为政党意识形态的载体,解放区后期文艺社团具有特殊的社团组织形式,所有的文艺社团都是在中国共产党的意识形态规范下运行的。因此,解放区后期的文学完全被政党意识形态化了,而作为延安文学体制构成要素的文艺社团的转型过程在本质上是一种政党意识形态化的过程,解放区文学的体制化过程实质上是作为一种文学理论的"讲话"转化为政治实践的过程。

After the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art,literature in the liberated areas rapidly headed for institutionalization as the contemporary literature system was being established in an attempt to standardize the development of literature.As one of the essential factors of the Yan'an literature system,the transition of literature and art organizations had directly boosted the shaping of the Yan'an literature system.Since the 'Speech' by Mao Zedong became the policy for literature and art,the former 'intellectual' literature and art organizations,with a spirit of enlightenment and social criticism as their basic idea,had been replaced by the 'worker-peasant-solider' ones represented by 'village opera troupes' and 'art troupes' as the main body of literature and art organizations in the liberated area,which,upholding the 'worker-peasant-solider' orientation as their organizational idea,became the disseminator of party ideology in the development of literature during the later period of the liberated area.In that period,as a carrier of party ideology,the literature and art organizations took special forms,and were all operated under the ideological norms of the Chinese Communist Party.Essentially,the transition of the organizations was a process of party ideologicalization.