试论汉语介词从“所为”到“处置”的演变

Evolution from beneficial prepositions to disposal prepositions in Chinese

宋代以来，汉语中出现“所为介词一处置介词”的演变路径。汉语（包括方言）历时、共时平面上的处置介词“与”、“给”、“帮”、“搭”、“代”、“共”、“同”、“跟”等的直接来源都是“替”、“为”义的引进所为者的介词。导致“所为→处置”演变的因素有二：一是代词的语义指向模糊，即回指对象的暗中更换；二是“P（所为介词）＋N（他）＋V”式中V部分的“非企盼”意义。前者在首发演变中起着重要作用，后者在后随演变中起着重要作用。“与”是汉语史上“所为一处置”演变的首发者，它在“与＋N＋V”式中的意义和功能对后随的介词起着制约作用。介词功能之间可以发生“所为→交互”或“交互→所为”的演变，所为介词有可能向处置介词演变；这就是现代汉语平面上众多介词兼具“处置”、“所为”、“交互”三种功能的原因。

This paper finds that the evolutional path from beneficial prepositions to disposal prepositions started from Song Dynasty. The disposal prepositions, such as yu (与)、gei (给)、bang (帮)、da (搭)、dai (代)、gong (共)、tong (同) and gen (跟), all directly originated from the prepositions which introduce the beneficiary. Two factors are argued to be related to the evolution: one is the misunderstanding of the anaphor when the beneficiary is a pronominal; the other is the 'undesired' meaning implied by the verb in the 'beneficial preposition+ta (他)+verb' construction. The paper also finds that the evolutional path between beneficial prepositions and accompanying prepositions is bidirectional, and this is the reason why some prepositions can have beneficial, disposal and accompanying usages in modern Chinese.