“都”的语义分合及解释规则

How many DOUs do we really need?

本文对潘海华（2006）所提出“都”的语义解释规则“话题规则”（P1）和“焦点规则”（P2）进行了修订，并在一个“都”表示全称量化的大前提下，把“都”的用法细分为两个次类：“都1”和“都2”。尽管它们都表全称量化义，但是“都1”的量化域中的成员无等级差别，而“都2”的量化域中的成员有等级差别。同时，“都1”和“都2”根据语义解释规则的不同又各分出两个小类：“都1a”、“都1b”和“都2a”、“都2b”。“都1a”和“都2a”适用于左向量化的P1规则，无排他性，“都1b”和“都2b”适用于右向量化的P2规则，有排他性。修订后的规则能够解释更多的例句，并且更加符合人们的语感。

This paper reconsiders the two mapping rules, i.e. the topic rule (P1) and the focus rule (P2) proposed in Pan (2006), and makes some minor adjustments concerning their contents and application domains. It also proposes to reclassify the different uses of dou (都) into two major subtypes, labeled as dou1 and dou2. Although the various uses of dou have long been generalized as conducting universal quantification on the associated item A, the quantification domain of dou1 is still not structured, or does not contain a scale, whereas the quantification domain of dou2 is structured and ranked according to the unlikelihood with the lowest on the top and the highest at the bottom. Both dous are further classified according to the mapping rules above. Dou1a and dou2a apply P1, not inducing an exclusiveness reading on A, while dou1b and dou2b employ P2, inducing an exclusiveness reading on A. Under the new proposal and analysis, all the different uses of dou including its unexpectedness, uncommon and unusual senses, subjectivity, etc., as have been discussed in literature, can thus be accounted for.