京郊设施果类蔬菜土肥水管理现状及技术需求

The Status and Technique Requirement of Soil Fertilization and Irrigation for Fruit Vegetable in Greenhouse

北京郊区设施蔬菜发展迅速,通过对京郊集约化设施果类蔬菜生产中土肥水管理现状的调查发现,水肥投入量过大,养分投入比例不合理是主要问题。蔬菜每年用水量为7 500～10 500 m3/hm2,番茄、黄瓜、椒类、茄子总养分(N-P2O5-K2O)投入量分别为1 206-504-782,1 426-735-1 101,1 298-599-915,1 255-631-958 kg/hm2;肥料选用与施肥灌溉技术缺乏指导,50%以上农民不懂如何选择肥料,有机肥的62%来自养殖场或农民自家堆制,68%和26%的农民仍凭经验施肥和灌溉。因水肥管理不当及连作导致土壤线虫病害、土壤板结、酸化、盐渍化等问题普遍,其中,根结线虫障碍的比重最高,占29%,无障碍土壤的比例仅占11%。京郊区土肥水现存问题在于管理和技术条件的制约,水肥管理和土壤质量综合提升技术成果转化与物化有待加强,为此提出开展水肥资源高效利用和土壤质量综合提升技术研发,探讨适合分散经营的技术推广机制与模式的技术需求。

Vegetable planting with intensive degree developed very fast in recent years.Investigation was conducted to explore the status of soil,water and fertilizer of greenhouse fruit vegetables in Beijing suburb.The result showed that excessive inputs of irrigation and fertilization,the unbalanced ratio of nutrient of N,P,K.The irrigation rate of fruit vegetable are 7 500 to 10 500 m3/ha for farmers.The fertilization rate of tomato was at 1 206 kg N,504 kg P2O5,782 kg K2O and 1 426 kg N,735 kg P2O5,1 101 kg K2O for cucumber,1 298 kg N,599 kg P2O5,915 kg K2O for pepper and 1 255 kg N,631kg P2O5,958 kg K2O for eggplant per hectare respectively.The selection of fertilizer type could not be paid attention and fertigation technique was not widespread used.The 62% of the organic fertilizer was bought from breeding factory directly and was composted with conventional method by partly farmers.And more than 50% farmers didn′t know how to select the fertilizer.The ratio of 68% and 26% farmers fertilized and irrigated with conditional methods,for example furrow irrigation.Heavy continuous obstacles were observed by farmers as soil compaction,soil acidification,and soil secondary salinization were common due to excessive irrigation and fertilization management and continuous single crop for fruit vegetable.The knot-nematode was the most severe obstacle with the ratio of 29% of greenhouses,but only 11% of the greenhouse was healthy without obstacles.The lack of effective technique was the serve reason for continuous obstacles.So the synthesize technique was urgent to optimal fertilization,irrigation and soil quality improvement.At the same time the effective technique demonstration and dissimilation mode and management mechanism were very important and urgent on the small scale farms in China.