雍乾禁教中天主教的传播与信众

On the Transmission and Disciple of Catholicism during the Anti-religion Movements of Yongzheng and Qianlong

康熙末年至乾隆三十三年,清朝政府多次禁教,而以雍正二年、乾隆十一年最为严厉。本文叙述这两次禁教,以及在禁教前后西洋传教士潜匿、潜入内地,从事隐蔽的传教活动,致使老教徒继续宗教生活,出现一批新教徒,产生一些华人神职人员和天主教骨干成员;在禁教中,他们不畏刑罚惩处,坚持信仰。本文主旨是陈述这一事实,尤其侧重于传教士的传教活动和信徒的社会成分、奉教原因、诚挚态度。此外,对不绝如缕的传教与信教的历史事实,笔者提出讨论性问题:如何看待民间的天主教信仰,君主专制主义的以信教为犯罪行为的不合理性何在?宗教信仰能够使用法律强制手段解决吗,能够使她消失吗?宗教的魅力究竟在哪里?希望以后有所探讨。

The Qing government conducted several anti - religion movements during the periods from the end of Kangxi to the 33th year of Qianlong, especially in the 2nd year of Yongzheng and the 11 th year of Qianlong. This article will discuss a- bout this two movements and secret missionary activities done by foreign missionaries before and after the movements. It was the secret missionary activities that enabled old disciples to continue a religious living and give birth to Chinese clergies and core members of church, who insisted their belief and did not fear the punishments towards them during the anti - religion movements. This article will also focus on missionary activities as well as social backgrounds, reasons of believing in religion, and honesty of disciples. Besides, I come up with a discussion based on numerous missionary activities and belief in religion ： how to judge the belief in Catholicism in civil society and why it is unreasonable that the absolute monarchy defined religion as a crime？ Could religion be diminished with legal methods and could it really disappear？ What＇ s the charisma of religion？ Such questions were left to be discussed in the future.