自由主义与民族主义的纠缠——以1930—40年代“战国策派”思潮为例

Entanglement of Liberalism and Nationalism: the 1930-40's Ideological Trend of Zhanguoce Clique

在近代中国社会发展中,拯救民族危机与向现代转型是发展的两条主线,由此形成了既要反对西方侵略、维护民族尊严,就要倡导中国文化独立性,反对西方文化传入;既要开放中国,学习西方以融入世界,就必须反对民族主义思潮,批判传统文化的相互矛盾的双线走向。在九一八事变后民族危机上升为中国社会主要矛盾,"战国策派"主要人物与追求自由主义信仰的众多知识界人士一样,在思想理念上发生了迎合民族主义思潮的转变,倡导"国家至上、民族至上",呼吁个人自由暂时让位于民族自由,为时势所迫主张集权政治,并将民主政治与民主主义硬性割裂。救亡与启蒙的两难,观念与现实的冲突,自由主义内核与民族主义外衣的交织,在战国策学人论述中表现十分突出,也是那个动荡时代知识群体中思潮繁杂现象的典型反映。

As far as modern Chinese society was concerned, to save the national crisis and to achieve modern transforma- tion were the two major developing lines during the course. Thus for one thing, advocating the Chinese cultural independence and resisting the coming of Western culture was crucial for the resistance of the Western aggression and the defending of na- tional dignity, and for another, we must oppose nationalist thought, criticize our traditional culture and learn from the West in order to open the door and integrate China into the world, which composed two conflicting routes. Since the 9 ~ 18 Incident, national crisis had risen up to become the major social contradiction in China. Like most intellectuals pursuing liberal beliefs, representatives of the Zhangnoce Clique converted their thought and began catering to nationalist ideas, advocating ＂state su- premacy and national supremacy＂, and calling for the temporary replacement of individual freedom with national freedom. Confronted With pressing moments, they proposed a totalitarian state, and rigidly fragmented democratic politics and democra- cy. Zhangno.ce Clique＇s discourse evidently displayed the dilemma between salvation and enlightenment, the conflict of con- cept and reality, and the entanglement of liberalism core and nationalism imagery, which also reflected the ideological com- plexity of the whole intellectual group during that turbulent era.