流民、矿乱与社会秩序的重建——以明中叶粤东山区为例

Refugees,Miner Revolt and Reconstruction of Social Order:A Case Study of the Mountainous Area of Eastern Guangdong in the Mid-Ming Period

明代中叶,大批来自闽西、赣南等地的流民进入惠潮山区从事矿产开采活动,有力地推动了当地的矿产开发,但也引发了长时期的矿乱,严重影响了当地民众的正常生活。矿乱的发生,与政府的矿业统制政策密切相关,而山海交错的地理环境、豪强对矿场的控制以及矿产开采的不稳定性,也是矿徒"倡乱"的重要因素。矿乱平定后,官府增设永安、长宁两县,并推行乡约,试图加强对该区域的政治控制,以建立新的社会秩序。虽然这些措施在实际执行中效果并不理想,但对于遏止盗贼生发和促进流民在当地的开发还是起到了一定的积极作用。

A large number of refugees moved into the mountainous area of Huizhou and Chaozhou prefectures, Guang- dong, from western Fujian and southern Jiangxi during the mid-Ming period. The influx of refugees promoted the develop- ment of local mineral exploitation, but it also led to long-term social unrest that seriously affected everyday life of the n- atives. The miner revolt was principally the result of the state monopoly policy, but other factors such as the rugged physical environment, local bosses＇ control over the mines, and the instability of mineral production also played an important part. After the suppression of the revolt, the state set up Yongan and Changning counties and initiated community compacts to strengthen its control over this region and establish social order. Mthough these policies were not very successful in prac- tice, they played an active role in preventing miner revolt and promoting the reclamation of the region.