个体人立场下的自由与秩序——老子政治哲学新探

On Freedom and Order from the Standpoint of Individual:A New Exploration of Laozi's Political Philosophy

个体人立场是老子学说的理论起点,它的要求是使人成为人(即"人人")。"人人"的依据是道生万物。自然是老子思想中的最高价值,自然胜人为是老子个体人论证的观念依据。老子自由理念的生成逻辑是以自然为价值依据,通过以自然之"身"规定人为之"心",去知寡欲,向"德"即人的本性回归,超越多余的欲望支配,获得自由。以人的自由为正当性依据,老子对孔子主张的伦理规范展开了激烈批判,并建构起自己的自然主义秩序。老子自然主义秩序的目标是实现人的自由,原则是以身为本。但由于在自然主义秩序下自由无从实现,说明在老子理论内部存在难以克服的困难。

The individual standpoint is the starting point of Laozi＇s theory which demands that people become people. It is based on the concept that Taoism produces verything in the world. Nature is the highest value of Laozi＇s thought and nature winning over people is the basic concept of his individual viewpoint. The generative logic of Laozi＇s freedom cocept is based on nature. Nature prescribes human＇s mind, inhibits human＇s desire, returns to virtue,exceeds the control of super fluous desire, and acquires freedom. Based on human free- dom, Laozi criticizes Confucian＇s ethic rules and constructs his own naturalistic order. Laozi＇s naturalistic order aims to realize human freedom and his rule is based on human body. But human freedom can not be realized in naturalistic order which denotes that there exist insurmountable difficulties in Laozi＇s theory.