中国古代学校的三种“学规传统”

Three Kinds of Hsüeh-Kuei Tradition in Chinese Ancient Schools

作为传统教育文化的载体之一,学规蕴含了丰富的教育理念,展现了古代学校的教学和生活情形。十一世纪起,学规被视作是学校管理的一个重要组成部分,官学、书院和蒙学之中形成了相应的"学规传统"。官学学规详订管理规条,具有权威性和惩罚性,缺少对于教学、学习的阐释。这促发了注重劝谕、启发的书院学规传统的诞生,《白鹿洞书院揭示》就是典型的代表作。朱熹等人还开启了以"须知"、"学则"训练儿童道德行为习惯的蒙学学规传统。明清之际,三类学规传统形成定式。钦定"卧碑"、"圣谕"的出现意在管制士子、教化百姓;书院学规以生徒进德立品、读书治学为中心,亦会受到官方教育政策、科考举业和不同学术思想的影响;蒙学学规以训练道德行为和传授基础知识为鹄的,以达"蒙以养正"的"圣功"。

As one carrier of traditional Chinese education, Hstieh-Kuei contains abundant educational ideas and reflects the teaching and life of school in the ancient time. From the l lth century, Hstieh-Kuei was considered as the important part of school administration. At the same time, there existed different ＇Hs（ieh-Kuei＇ in official schools, academies, and elementary schools. With authority and punishment, the Hstieh-Kuei of official school had lots of regulations but being lack of explanations of teaching and studying. That was the reason why some scholars wrote Hs u eh-Kuei that focus on expostulation and elicitation for academy education. White Deer Hollow Academy Revelation is a typical representative work. ZHU Xi and other scholars created the regulation of the ＇instruction＇ and ＇school constitution＇ to train children moral behavior habit in elementary schools. In Ming and Qing dynasties, emperors enacted ＇horizontal monument＇ and ＇imperial declaration＇ to control scholars and moralize civilian. In the academies and the elementary schools, we can see some changes in the contents of Hs ti eh-Kue because of the needs of society and school, but its core did not depart from study, management, and edification.