论英国废弃物管理中的注意义务规则及其对中国的启示

The Duty of Care Rule in UK Waste Management System and Its Inspiration to China

英国是世界上最早、也是为数不多的将注意义务规则引入废弃物管理立法的国家。该规则的引入,不仅为英国废弃物的安全管理及循环利用起到了指引作用,同时也深刻影响了废弃物管理制度在该国的发展趋势。通过对英国废弃物管理中注意义务规则的历史沿革、基本内容及主要价值的考察可以发现,注意义务规则的发展因应了英国废弃物管理理念从安全管理到循环利用的转变路径,且在其主体、客体、内容以及责任机制方面具有鲜明的制度特点,注意义务规则的合理运用不仅促使英国的废弃物处置走向有序、规范化发展的道路,也为英国废弃物管理中其他制度的建构和实施奠定了良好的实施基础。与英国的废弃物管理制度相比较,我国现行的废弃物管理制度还存在着义务分担不尽合理,责任机制不明晰等问题,而这正是制约我国废弃物管理走上可持续发展道路的关键因素。因此,借鉴英国废弃物管理中注意义务规则的相关立法能为我国废弃物管理的理论研究和实践路径提供可资借鉴的宝贵经验,我国可从善用许可证制度、强化废弃物管理的级次申报、合理划分责任和加强废弃物的信息化管理等几个方面完善废弃物管理制度。

UK is one of the earliest countries that have introduced duty of care as a rule into waste management legislation. The rule of duty of care not only plays a guidance role in safety management and recycling of domestic waste in UK, but also has a profound impact on the development trend of the UK waste management system. When we look through the historical evolution of the duty of care as well as its essential meanings and main values, it is obvious that the development of duty of care is consistent with the transformation path of the UK waste management concept which evolves from ＇ safety＇ to ＇ recycling＇ Meanwhile, the duty of care rule has distinctive characteristics of its subjects, objects, main contents and responsibility mechanism, the reasonable utilization of it not only pushes forward the orderly development and standardization of the UK waste disposal but also lays a good foundation of the other UK waste management system. Comparing with the UK waste management system, the current waste management system in China has a lot of defects. For instance, the obligations are not shared reasonably and the responsibility mechanism is not clear enough , which are the key factors restricting the road to sustainable development of waste management. As a consequence, it deserves to acquire a valuable experience for perfecting our waste management systems theoretically and practically, and we can perfect our waste management systems by making better use of waste management license systems, strengthening the ＇ applying-level ＇ of waste management, sharing responsibility rationally and enhancing the informatization of waste management.