德国大学对美国“大学化”运动影响探析

The Influence of German Universities on American University Movement

19世纪中后期,美国高等教育开始步入"大学化"时代。在德国大学理念影响下,留德归美学者将"教学科研相结合"以及"教学自由"原则引入美国,形成了新的大学思想。吉尔曼成功创建了美国第一所研究型大学——约翰.霍普金斯大学,哈佛和耶鲁等殖民地学院也开始了由"学院"向"大学"转型的改革。美国"大学化"运动不是对德国大学的简单模仿和复制,而是德国大学理念与美国精神文化的融合,体现了文化上的独立、选择和修正。

American higher education started entering into the age of university in the middle and later 19＊h century. With the influence of the German university ideal, scholars who went back to America after studying in German universities introduced to their country the principles of ＂combination of education and research＂ and ＂freedom of teaching＂ of German universities and formed a new ideal of university. Daniel Coit Gilman succeed in founding the first American research university, Johns Hopkins University. American colonial colleges, such as Harvard and Yale, also began the transitional reform from ＂college＂ to ＂university＂. However, the American university movement was not simple imitation and replication of the German university ideal and, instead, it was fusion of the German university ideal and the American spiritual culture, reflecting the independence, selection and modification of the culture.