土地复垦矿区的景观生态质量变化

Changes of landscape ecological quality for land reclamation in mining area

为揭示土地复垦对矿区景观生态状况的影响,以徐州市贾汪矿区为例,运用RS、GIS和景观生态学方法,从生态系统稳定与干扰程度2个方面构建景观生态质量评价模型,并分析评价了该区的景观生态质量及变化。研究结果表明:2001-2010年间,贾汪矿区景观生态质量发生了明显变化,总体呈变好的趋势。2001年和2010年景观生态质量达到稳定和较稳定的面积分别为49994.86和56160.31hm2,2010年比2001年增加了6164.45hm2;从总体变化看,变好和略微变好的地区约占28.23%,主要分布在破坏较少的山区和煤矿复垦区,表明土地复垦工程对矿区生态环境起到了一定的改善作用。变差和略微变差的地区约占19.44%,表明部分地区生态环境质量仍在下降,主要由于城镇化的快速发展,煤炭开采的继续,环境保护措施不及时以及复垦地区的二次塌陷、治理标准低等原因。因此,需加大对生态脆弱区的环境保护,完善矿区复垦技术规程,制定生态修复策略,从而实现矿区土地的可持续发展。

With the rapid exploitation of coal resources, a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as surface subsidence, stagnant water, and soil pollution, etc., became increasingly serious. How to strengthen ecological environment protection by reasonable and efficient ways becomes one of the key issues of the sustainable development of mining area. The projects of land reclamation and ecological restoration are the correct and effective measure for improving the ecological environment of mining area. In order to research the effects of land reclamation on the changes of landscape ecological conditions in mining area, taking Jiawang mining area in Xuzhou as example, the landscape ecological quality and its changes were evaluated using the evaluation model, which was constructed at the stability and disturbance level of land ecosystem based on the means of remote sensing, GIS and landscape ecology. The indicators of ecological stability include vegetation cover index, biological abundance index, land use structure index, landscape diversity index and rivers density index, and the indicators of ecological disturbance contain landscape fragment index, construction land disturbance degree index, landscape advantage degree index and land deterioration index. The weight of each indicator was defined by the analytical hierarchy process method （AHP）. Landscape ecological quality index can be expressed as landscape stability index divided by landscape disturbance index, which can evaluate the conditions of landscape ecosystem. With the index value greater than 1, the landscape ecological quality is high and the landscape ecosystem is steady. The greater the index value is, the better the ecological quality is, vice versa, the landscape ecological quality is low. The results show that landscape ecological quality of Jiawang mining area has changed significantly and the general trend was better. The stable and more stable area in 2001 and 2010 were 49994.86 hm2 and 56160.31 hm2 respectively, and was increased by 6164.45 hm2 from 2001 to 2010. From the overall changes, the area of good and slightly good changes focused on less-destruction mountain area and coal mine reclamation district took up 28.33%, which indicates that the mining land reclamation project has played certain improvement on the regional ecological environment. However, the region of bad and slightly bad changes took up 19.44%, which implies the ecological environment quality in some areas still declined due to the rapid urban growth, accelerated speed of mining, not timely environmental protection, secondary collapse, and low governance standards, etc. It is therefore necessary to strengthen the protection of ecological fragile areas, perfect technical regulation for mine reclamation and establish ecological restoration strategy to achieve the sustainable development of mining area.