某铅酸蓄电池企业周围土壤铅污染水平及儿童健康状况

Soil Lead Levels around a Lead-Acid Battery Factory and Health Status of Pupils at Nearby Primary Schools

[目的]调查某铅酸蓄电池企业对周围土壤污染及儿童健康的影响,为改善环境,防治儿童铅中毒提供有效依据。[方法]按照国家相关标准方法采集该企业上、下风向不同距离环境样品,并对其附近的2所小学中184名儿童进行健康检查,运用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计测定环境样品铅含量以及儿童血铅值。[结果]下风向区域土壤铅含量均明显高于上风向区域(P<0.05);表层土壤、植物根部土壤样品超标率分别为1.75%、9.68%(4份油菜花样品均超标);下风向区10、50m处植物根部土壤铅平均浓度高于土壤环境质量二级标准,达到轻度污染程度,其余距离处的铅平均浓度均低于该标准;A小学儿童平均血铅水平(42.27μg/L)明显高于B小学(37.75μg/L)(P<0.05);儿童血红蛋白值与血铅水平呈负相关(P=0.013),男、女性儿童之间血铅水平尚未发现统计学差异;不同血铅水平与儿童贫血有关(P=0.032),尚未发现血铅水平对儿童视力、龋齿、尿常规有影响。[结论]该企业对周围土壤存在一定程度的污染,尚未发现其显著影响周围儿童的健康状况,仍需加紧采取有效的铅污染预防控制措施。

[ Objective ] To investigate the impact of a lead-acid battery company on the surrounding soil and nearby pupils, and provide evidence for improving the environment and childhood lead poisoning prevention. [ Methods ] Environmental samples at different distances upwind and downwind in the vicinity of a lead-acid factory were collected in accordance with relevant national standards. Medical examinations were carried out of 184 pupils at 2 nearby primary schools. Lead concentrations in environmental samples and pupils＇ blood were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. [ Results ] The average lead contents in soil samples downwind were significantly higher than those in soil samples upwind （P 〈 0.05）. The excessive rate of lead concentrations in surface soil, soil of plant roots, and rapes were 1.75%, 9.68%, and 100.00%, respectively. The lead concentrations in soil of plant roots at 10 m and 50 m downwind sites exceeded the Grade limit according to Environmental Quality Standard for Soils and reached mild pollution degree; the lead concentrations in the other＇soil samples were lower than the limit. The average blood lead level of pupils from school A （42.27 μg/L） was significantly higher than that of school B （37.75 μg/L） （P〈 0.05）. Hemoglobin levels were negatively correlated with blood lead levels in the primary school pupils （P=0.013）. No statistically significant differences in the blood lead levels were found between boys and girls. Blood lead levels were associated with pupils＇ anemia （P=0.032）, but impacts on their vision, dental caries, and urine were not yet found [ Conclusion ] The lead-acid battery factory has caused pollution to the surrounding soil. Although no health impacts on the pupils at nearby schools are yet found, actions to effectively prevent and control lead pollution should be taken immediately.