汉日“鬼”词语的隐喻表达对比研究

A Comparative Study on Metaphoric Expression of the Word "Gui" in Chinese and Japanese

汉语和日语里,"鬼"这个字的写法是一模一样的,只是读音不同。而且有关"鬼"的词在汉语和日语里都多用其比喻义,很少使用"鬼"的本义。汉日"鬼"词语的引申义,既有许多相同之处,也有各自的特点。从认知视角对汉日"鬼"词语的引申义,特别是隐喻用法加以对比研究,可以发现汉语"鬼"词语的贬义用法比日语"鬼"词语的贬义用法多。尤其是表示"讨厌"的贬义用法多。汉语里有强烈的否定意义的用法,而日语则没有。另外,汉语"鬼"的词缀贬义用法比日语丰富得多,更有发展的趋势。这就要求我们在跨文化交际过程中,考虑不同语言间的文化差异,准确地理解汉日"鬼"词语的引申义,从而避免因母语负迁移而造成的误译、误用现象。

Chinese word ＂gui＂ and Japanese word ＂oni＂ is the same word ＂Gui＂ in writing. Both in Chinese and Japanese, figurative meanings of the expressions related to ＂Gui＂ are frequently applied in communica tions instead of its original meanings. Yet, the extended meanings of the word ＂Gui＂ in Chinese and Japa nese share much in common despite its distinctive features respectively. It is found that （1） the word ＂Gui＂ in Chinese has more derogatory senses than in Japanese; （2） this word implies derogatory ＂hatred＂ in many situations and has strong negative meanings in Chinese, but not in Japanese; （3） in Chinese the word＂Gui＂ is adopted dominantly as affixes for derogatory meanings and this tendency continues obvious ly. Results analysis suggest that similarities, differences or lexical gaps about the meaning of ＂Gui＂ in Chi nese and Japanese should be mostly attributed to cultural distinctions. Improper translation and misuses could be avoided if cultural differences are taken into account.