《三国演义》的“不数合”句式

″Bu-shu-he″(不数合) Sentence Pattern in Romance of the Three Kindoms

以否定副词和动量词组成的"不数合"、"不数里"等句式,在《三国演义》中经常用在前后具有连续性或关联性的两个行为动作之间,充当主句的时间状语,具有体词谓语性质。"不数合"或"不数里"等结构的肯定式"V数合"或"V数里"补出了在否定式中没有出现的行为动词。否定式"V不数合"或"V不数里"的补语部分,有时出现趋向动词而成为"V不到数合"或"V不到数里"。"V不到数里"省略动词后的结构"不到数里",如"不到三里"和《战国策》中的"未至百里"结构相比,两者在表达时间的方式上存在很大的差别。"未至百里"这类结构被认为是时间短语叠合式"未VP之前"的源头之一,同样蕴含时间义的"不到三里"句式的产生则是汉语发展过程中,为适应情境表达的需要而不断丰富同义句式的一种结果。

Composed of negative adverbs and action-measure words,the ″Bu-shu-he″,″Bu-shu-li″ sentence pattern is frequently used between two successive or correlative actions,it has the nominal predicate quality and works as the time adverbial of the main clause.The positive form of the ″Bu-shu-he″,″Bu-shu-li″ structure help to show the action verbs hidden in negative sentence structures.Sometimes directional verbs appear in the complements of the negative sentence structures ″V Bu-shu-he″ or ″V Bu-shu-li″,and thus make the sentence structure become ″V Bu-dao-shu-he″ or ″V Bu-dao-shu-li″.If we leave out the structure ″Bu-dao-shu-li″ after the action verbs in the sentence pattern,for example,″Bu-dao-san-li″ differs enormously from ″Wei-zhi-bai-li″ sentence structure in Intrigues of the Warring States in expressing time.The sentence structure ″Wei-zhi-bai-li″ is regarded as one of the sources of superpositional time phrases ″Wei VP zhiqian″.The appearance of ″Bu-dao-san-li″ sentence pattern,containing time implication,is the result of meeting situational needs in the development of Chinese language.