2011年广西农村环境卫生健康危害因素调查

Investigation on current status of environmental health hazards in rural areas in Guangxi,2011

目的了解和掌握农村改厕和粪便处理,以及农村垃圾、污水治理等现状,为政府及有关部门制定农村环境卫生改善规划提供科学依据。方法按分层随机方式抽取29个县、580个行政村和2 900户,采用统一的调查表,通过访谈、现场观察等方法收集调查数据。结果 2011年广西农村饮用集中式供水人口比例为43.07%,农村无害化卫生厕所普及率为57.11%,分别较2006年的31.66%和43.79%提高了11.41和13.32个百分点。但垃圾和污水处理设施匮乏,县及县以下垃圾和污水处理覆盖人口比例分别为12.34%和14.54%,且绝大部分为县城城区人口,在广大的农村地区大量农村生活和养殖业垃圾、污水未能进行有效处理。农村环境卫生脏乱差问题严重,生活垃圾随意堆放率66.03%,垃圾堆放点苍蝇孳生率93.62%,84.66%的垃圾堆放点有臭味;生活污水以排到河流和坑塘为主,随意排放率65.17%。家庭户饮生水率10.03%,调查户家庭成员腹泻症状两周发生率为9.28%,腹痛症状发生率为8.03%,发热症状发生率为13.28%。结论广西农村环境卫生设施匮乏,存在各种影响人群身体健康的环境危害因素,亟需采取措施改善农村环境卫生现状。

Objective To assess the current status of sanitation improvement and waste treatment in rural areas in Guangxi so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating rural sanitation improvement program. Methods 2900 households and 580 villages in 29 counties were selected using proportional stratified randomized sampling. Data were collected through questionnaries, interviews and on-site investigation. Results In 2011, the coverage rate was 43.07% for access to centralized drinking water and 57.11% for access to sanitary latrines, which increased by 11.41% and 13.32% respectively compared with that in 2006. However, there was a lack of waste treatment facilities. Only 12.34% of the population at county level and 14.54% under county level were covered,and most township residents, were covered by wastewater treatment systems. In most rural areas, the environmental sanitation condjtion was poor, The solid wastes and wastewater from many households and breeding industry still stayed untreated. Garbage was scattered all over the place. 93.62% of garbage dumps were swarmed with flies and 84.66% of them smelled. Wastewater directly flew into rivers and ponds, with an untreatment rate of 65.17%. 10.03% of housholds drank unboiled water. In 2 weeks of household surveys, the attack rates were 9.28% for diarrhoeal, 8.03% for abdominal pain, and 13.28% for fever. Conclusion Inadequacy of sanitation facilities leads to the existence of serious health threats; thus there is a strong need to implement sanitation promontion in the rural areas.