从文化的批判走向哲学的批判——论卡西尔文化哲学的体系逻辑

From Cultural Criticism to Philosophical Criticism——On the Logic System of Cassirer’s Cultural Philosophy

卡西尔文化哲学经历了从文化批判走向哲学批判的独特道路,存在着从认识论到人类学的立场转换,发生了一场哲学观的变革。首先,符号形式哲学在认识论立场上实现了从理性批判到文化批判的现代转向,推进和深化了现代哲学的文化转向;进而,文化批判从文化的理论问题转变为文化的实践和伦理问题,文化哲学从实践诉求转变发展为人本主义转向。由此,人类文化哲学在人类学立场上实现了从文化批判到哲学批判的变革,从文化视角提出并回答了人与世界的关系问题。卡西尔文化哲学体系作为现代哲学的发展形态,除了先验性、唯心论、精神性之类的基本问题外,根本问题在于以文化视角作为文化哲学不自觉的理论前提。

The cultural philosophy of Cassirer presents a special approach from cultural criticism to philo- sophical criticism and his position is accordingly shifted from epistemology to anthropology, hence a revolution in the conception of philosophy. First, the philosophy of symbolic form realizes the modern turn from rational criti- cism to cultural criticism in terms of epistemology, thus promoting and enhancing the cultural turn of modern philosophy. Furthermore, cultural criticism turns itself from theoretical problems of culture to its practical and ethical problems. Cultural philosophy shifts its focus from practice to humanism. Therefore, cultural philosophy encounters the innovation from cultural criticism to philosophical criticism in term of anthropological stance, which helps explain the relationship between man and the world from a cultural perspective. As the development model of modern philosophy, Cassirer＇ s philosophical system touches upon apriority, mentalism, spiritualism, etc, while the fundamental problem lies in the fact that the cultural perspective is a hidden premise of cultural philosophy.