从清水江文书看近代贵州民族地区土地制度——清水江文书(天柱卷)简介

A Study of the Land System in Ethnic Regions in Modern Guizhou Based on a Review of the Qingshui River Instruments: One of the Studies on the Qingshui River Instruments(From Tianzhu)

水江土地契约文书(天柱卷)是研究中国乡村社会、尤其是少数民族地区乡村社会发展的第一手素材。从天柱文书看凸洞侗族地区土地产权转移,自乾隆四十六年到1950年168年间,发生了2098次地权转移,有465人购进土地,反映出地权转移相对自由、活跃;其参与地权转移人多、规模小、土地量不大的特征,抑制了激烈的土地兼并,保持起一个庞大的自耕农小土地所有者群体,自耕农小土地所有制占主导地位的封建经济在这里根深蒂固。土地契约透露出许多民族地区经济关系信息,如乡村的阶级结构,田赋、地价等的演变;地权转移大都在周首(首士)或寨老等宗族权力规范下进行,经济关系与民族地方传统政治结合,是一个依靠民族传统维系的小农社会。

Abstract ：The Qingshuijiang of the first -hand materials about land contracts （ from Tianzhu） is the study of Chinese rural society, especially the rural social development in the ethnic minority areas. From the documents from Tianzhu about the transfer of land property rights by the Dong people in Tudong, there were 2465 times of land transfer during the 184 years from thirty -six years of Emperor Qianlong to 1950, with 483 people purcha- sing land. This indicates that at that time, land transfer was quite free and active. The number of purchasers was big, but tile land area and quantity was small, which restricted the intense land annexation and held up a large group of small land owners. As a result, the feudal economy with small land ownership as the dominant factor was ingrained there. The land contracts reveal a lot of economy - related information in the ethical regions, such as the change of class structures in the village, land tax, and land price. The transfer of land ownership was mostly conducted under the control of the Zhou Shou （Shou Shi） or Zhai Lao, and the like. It is traditional smallholder society with an integration between economic relations and national tradition of traditional politics in the ethnic areas.