仪式治疗新解：海南美孚黎的疾病观念和仪式治疗的文化逻辑

A New Explanation of Healing Rituals:The Concept of Disease of Meifu Li People in Hainan Province and Their Cultural Logic in Healing Rituals

以往的相关研究认为,仪式治疗具有心理安慰作用。在中国海南黎族美孚支系社会里,人们经常为不在场的患者或患病的婴幼儿进行仪式治疗。因此,很难说此类活动发挥了强烈的心理安慰效应。这种仪式治疗,以美孚黎关于人的结构性构成观念及疾病观念为基础,通过"结构性重聚"与"结构性排异"来恢复患病个体结构构成的完整性与纯洁性。仪式治疗是一种表达特定文化观念的社会行为,它是否能够改变自然身体的状态,即让患病的自然身体康复,这并不十分重要。只要人们从文化上将病因归结为人的结构性构成不完整或不纯洁,仪式治疗就会必然存在。

Placebo effect is generally emphasized in researches on healing rituals.However,among the Meifu Li people in Hainan Province,China,many healing rituals are held for those who are absent or infants.Obviously,those healing rituals lack placebo effect.Thus,healing rituals in those people need an alternative explanation.By healing rituals which mean 'structural recombination' and 'structural rejection',the patients from Meifu Li people recover their structural completeness and purity on the basis of the special concept of person and the special concept of disease.Healing rituals are a kind of social behaviors which express a specific cultural ideas.It does not matter whether healing rituals can cure physical diseases.So long as the disease is culturally attributed to patients' structural incompleteness or impurity,healing rituals will inevitably exist.