留学生群体的早期分化与救国道路的探索

The Division of the Abroad Students Groups and the Exploration of the Path of Saving the Nation in the Late Qing and Early Republic of China

晚清民初,为探索救国之路,留学生群体呈现纷杂多样的政治取向。晚清时期,他们大体上经历了洋务运动时期厕身清廷的有限忠诚、清末新政时期立宪与革命的分野和辛亥革命爆发后抛弃清王朝的三个阶段。民国成立后,国内局势复杂多变,分散在社会各个领域的留学生根据现实的变化,并依据自身的资源和见识,在革命剧变期间尽力保存、扩展革命果实,或关注经济致力实业,或积极从事政党政治。袁世凯复辟帝制后,除极少数留学生依附袁氏外,大多数留学生仍然坚持共和,最终结束了袁世凯的统治。在艰难地推动民初政治现代化转型的同时,留学生们或致力于经济建设,践行实业救国;或献身教育领域,推动了教育制度的革故鼎新;或在更深层次考虑文化根源和国民性问题,吹响了中国新文化运动兴起的号角。

In the late Qing and early Republic of China, abroad students pursued different political directions to explore the path of saving the nation. In general, they experienced the following stages： the limited loyalty to Qing dynasty during the period of Westernization Movement, the divided opinion between eonstitutionalism and revolution, and the desertation of Qing dynasty after the breaking up of the Revolution of 191 1. After the establishment of the Republic of China, in the complicated domestic environment, returned students strived to maintain and extend the fruits of revolution according to the changing of reality and their dift^r- ent resources. After Yuan Shikai＇s restoration of mornarchy, most of the returned students insisted in Republics and put an end to Yuan Shikaig regime. In the process of modernizing the politics of the Early Republic of China, the abroad students made different efforts. Some of them devoted to the construction of economy, saving the country by engaging in industry, some of them dedicated themselves to education, pushing forward the reform of educational system, some others contemplated the problems of the origin of the Chinese culture and the national character of China to anticipate the New Culture Movement （ around the time of May 4th Movememt of 1919）.