森有礼“创造日本国民”的思想及其特点

Mori Arinori's Theory of Nation-building and It's Characteristics

森有礼是近代日本最早提出以国家介入方式来创造国民的体制内官僚。他认为"创造国民"的途径是教育,重点在培养"好臣民";要以天皇为"神圣的道具"来创造新传统;通过师范教育和兵式体操来培养有敢为之勇气和善忍耐之国民。对国家责任的自觉担当是其创造国民的思想来源;其国民教育思想存在着培养"臣民"和创造"国民"的矛盾,消极自由观与积极自由观也并存于其中;其思想变成政策,具有较强的社会实践性和影响。其消极影响在于:对他者(非国民)的排斥逐渐演变成对他国的肆意侵略;客观上散布了国民为国"杀人成仁"和"为国而死"的思想;为天皇制国家主义的推行奠定了民众基础。

Mori Arinori is the first person to advocate state intervention in the course of nationbuilding in modern Japan. His assertions include the creation of national subjectivity through education, new tradition by the symbolization of Mikado, brave people by pedagogical education and soldiers＇ gymnastics. According to his theory, the school should firstly be the main arena to cultivate norms; secondly, the view of negative liberty can coexist with the view of positive liberty through national education. Finally, the Japanese Government adopted his theory. In this sense, his doctrine facilitated the pattern of nation-building through external invasion, and interspersed objectively the ideology of death for a just cause as well as in the service of homeland. In short, his policy proposal laid a good public foundation for the Japan＇s imperial system.