应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折研究进展

RESEARCH PROGRESS OF STRESS FRACTURE OF LUMBAR PEDICLE

目的综述有关应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折的研究进展。方法广泛查阅近年应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折的相关文献,并对其进行综合分析。结果应力性骨折分疲劳性和结构不良性两种类型,应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折主要发生在脊柱重复性活动、活动量大的人群和一侧峡部崩裂患者或行腰椎手术后患者等。导致应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折的主要应力是剪切力和扭转力,其次是脊柱突然过屈或过伸。常规X线片检查应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折极易漏诊,需要行XCT、MRI或骨扫描确诊。根据应力性骨折不同时期MRI表现,分为应力反应期、不全骨折期、完全骨折期和假关节期四期或四型。对于无神经根刺激症状的不全型和完全型应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折以及青少年应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折,多数主张首选保守治疗,骨折愈合率较高;对于双侧假关节型、有神经根刺激症状的应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折,以及保守治疗无效的应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折,均主张手术治疗。结论应力性腰椎椎弓根骨折作为引起下腰痛的原因之一,临床极为少见,且容易漏诊,结合骨折类型和患者个体情况综合考虑采取手术或保守治疗,效果较满意。

Objective To review the research progress of stress fracture ot the lumbar peulcie, Methods The literature about the stress fracture of the lumbar pedicle was reviewed extensively and summarized. Results There are two types of stress fracture： fatigue and structure insufficient. Stress fracture of lumbar pedicle occurred mainly in the crowd with repetitive and large activities of spine, contralateral spondylolysis, or previous surgery of lumbar vertebra. The main stresses causing stress fracture of the lumbar pedicle are shear stress and twisting stress, followed by sudden hyperflexion or hyperextension of the spine. Stress fracture of lumbar pedide was easily missed by conventional X-ray examination, usually XCT, MRI, or bone scan was needed to confirm the diagnosis. It is divided into 4 types or 4 periods according to MRI findings： stress reaction, incomplete fracture, complete fracture, and pseudarthrosis. For patients with incomplete, complete, and juvenile stress fractures of the lumbar pedicle without nerve root irritation, the majority of claims preferred conservative treatment and the healing rate of fracture was high; for patients with bilateral pseudarthrosis and with nerve root irritation as well as patients who failed to the conservative treatment, surgical management was advocated and the operation result is good. Conclusion Stress fracture of the lumbar pedicle as one of the causes of low back pain is extremely rare, and is easily missed clinically. Surgery or conservative management should be selected based on type of fracture and specific condition of the patient, the treatment results are satisfactory.