马克思历史发展视角下的人类发展:从资本主义到社会主义的生产关系与所有制形式

Human Development Under Marxism Historical View:The Productive Relations and Ownership from Capitalism to Socialism

马克思以"结构"作为研究的方法,认为生产力本身并不是其研究的对象,一个物只有在一定的关系下,才能够成为一种生产力,否则就只是一个单纯的物罢了,和生产的动作或过程完全没有关系,生产力必须要摆在特定的生产关系中来理解才行,由生产关系来界定生产力,故生产关系(或由此而形成的社会关系)才是占关键地位的。因此,马克思的政治经济学所研究的主要对象应为"资本主义的生产方式",亦即在资本主义时代下的生产关系或社会关系。透过对整个社会经济结构的互动来研究社会变迁,根据考察资本主义社会的经验,先从静态层面揭示了由社会的生产力与生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑所组成的结构,然后从动态变迁的角度考察这种社会结构是如何通过内部的矛盾互动来发生变化。

Marx took ＂structure＂ as the research methods, he thought that the productivity itself is not the object of study, only in a certain relationship, a kind of ＂thing＂ can become a kind of productivity, or it is just a simple thing has nothing to do with production. Productivity must be put in certain relations of production to understand. The relations of production to define the productivity, that is why the relations of production （or the social relations based on it） is the key of the status. Therefore, the main object of Marx＇s political economics research should be ＂the capitalist mode of production＂, that is, the relations of production and social relations in the era of capitalist. Through the social and economic structure interaction to study social change, according to the investigation of the capitalist society experience, this paper first from the static level reveals the structure of social productivity and productive relations, economic foundation and superstructure, and then from the perspective of the dynamic changes of the social structure, it studies how this social relations change through internal contradictions.