“威仪”与“气志”:孔子《诗》教的人格取向

Weiyi and Qizhi : Personality Orientation of Confucius’Shi Religion

上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书《民之父母》是新出土的反映孔子《诗》教的重要文献,可与传统文献相互印证。孔子所提出的"必达于礼乐之洍,以致‘五至’,以行‘三无’,以横于天下"的理论把《诗》作为了人格修养的教材,而"威仪"和"气志"则是这种《诗》教人格取向的核心概念。孔子在接受前人关于"气"的思想成果的基础上,创新"气志"概念,并改造传统"威仪"概念与之配合,形成了独具特色的《诗》教理论。孔子《诗》教中的"气志"和"威仪"是其人格取向的一体两面。"气志"即个体人格修养所锻炼的君子"气志";"威仪"即君子"气志"所呈现的个体"威仪",其内涵十分丰富。孔子《诗》教的这种人格取向将学《诗》者的关注点从礼仪应用引向人格培养,使文学得以从集体仪式转向个体表征,完成了"诗言志"观念的文学转型,对中国文学思想的影响巨大而深远,在今天仍然有其现实价值。

The Bamboo Slips named Parents of the People in Shanghai Museum is the newly unearthed important literature which can reflect Confucius’ Shi religion and confirm each other with the traditional literature.The personality orientation of Confucius Shi religion makes the Shi researchers change their concerns from the ritual applications to personality training,and makes the literature turn from the ritual to the individual characterization,thereby completed the literary transformation of the concept of Shiyanzhi,thus it has great and far-reaching impact on Chinese literary thoughts,and still has its practical value until now.