明清北京官式建筑角科斗栱形制分期研究——兼论故宫午门及奉先殿角科斗拱形制年代

On Model System Evolution of Corner Corbel-Bracket Set of The Ming-Qing Official Buildings in Beijing:Additionally on The Model Ages of The Bucket Arch on The Corner of Wu Men and Fengxian Dian of The Forbidden City

本文运用文物建筑形制类型学研究方法,作者从明清官式建筑角科做法上,提炼出可用于形制分期的三组共15个形制类型及其组合关系,结合相关文献,系统梳理了43座明清时期北京官式建筑标尺的角科形制类型和共存年代,通过角科斗栱的形制演变,勾勒出北京官式建筑在五百余年间所经历的六个演变历程,计为:元明交替期、明制转变期、明制成熟期、明清交替期、清制定型期和清末微变期。最后,作者利用角科形制分期结论,并结合相关文献,对故宫现存奉先殿、午门等建筑的年代问题提出了自己的见解。

The author tries taking typological methods in this thesis to subdivide the system of corner corbel-bracket set in the official constructions of the Ming and Qing dynasties into three groups on shape grounds including 15 models and demonstrate the relations with each other. It accordingly analyzes sets of bucket arches concerning models and years when they worked together via 43 Ming and Qing official buildings, hereby to outline 6 stages spanning over 500 years’ development of the official buildings in Beijing covering: 1) the turn from the Yuan to Ming period, 2) the transition to the Ming system, 3) the maturation period of the Ming system, 4) the turn from Ming to Qing regime, 5) the stable period of the Qing system, and 6) from end of the Qing regime to Bei Yang Government when the bracket set system started to change in a way. Additionally, the author discusses the ages of the architectures like Wu Men (Meridian Gate) and Fengxian Dian (Hall of Ancestral Worship) inside the Forbidden City by reference of what has been summarized above and related archives.