研发行为会改变市场结构吗?——来自中国制造业的经验证据

Does R&D Behavior Make Market Structure Change?——Based on the Data of China's Manufacturing Industry

本文首先选取1996～2009年间我国制造业的28个细分行业数据,采用价格成本差额(PCM)法度量了各行业的市场结构变化趋势,运用随机前沿生产函数法度量了各行业的全要素生产率变化率及其三个组成部分,并使用面板数据模型研究了样本期间制造业的全要素生产率变化率以及其三个组成部分分别对其市场结构的影响。结果表明,食品制造业等15个行业的进入壁垒较低,研发行为带来的技术进步导致其市场结构趋向于竞争,石油加工炼焦及核燃料加工业等2个行业的市场进入壁垒较高,技术进步则会导致其市场结构趋向于垄断,而烟草制品业等11个行业的政策规制性壁垒较高,市场机制难以发挥作用,研发作为厂商的策略性竞争行为,难以对其市场结构产生影响,实证检验的结果也是不显著的。

One of the basic goals of socialist market economy institution construction in China is to make the market mechanism play a role in the competitive market system, and realize the market regulation of the investment structure and industrial layout. R ＆ D behavior is one of the strategic competitive behaviors which could be chosen by manufacturers. Whether the R ＆ D behavior can influence the market structure through the market mechanism is the essential signal of the effective operation of market mechanism. There have been several commonly - concerned questions since the market economic system was established in 1992： Which industries have caused technological progress and generated a significant impact directly on the mo- nopoly of the market or the competitive setup because of their R ＆ D behaviors？ Which industries can not find the significant impact of technological advances on the market structure？ The answers to these questions are directly re-lated to the process of market - oriented manufacturing industry and the direction of further industrial control poli-cies. After the National Development and Reform Commission proposed the concept of developing the nation with in-dustry, China＇ s industrialization is also faced with new choices. It is necessary to choose a new industrial direc-tion. As the industrial engine of economic growth in China, the role of the manufacturing sector in China＇ s future economic development can not be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of technological progress of various industries on market structure. It can not only determine the industries which can increase or reduce the de-gree of competition or monopoly by improving the technical level, but also be beneficial for the formulation of Chi-na＇ s industrial policy and trade regulations. Within the 30-year economic development, China has stepped into the transformational period and the atten-tion has been transferred from the expansion of the quantity to the promotion of the quality of economic develop- ment. Hence, the technological advances caused by the R ＆ D behaviors have been gradually highlighted by the Chinese government and scholars. Based on the data of sub - sectors of 28 China＇ s manufacturing industry in the period of 1996 -2009, this paper employs PCM （Price-Cost Margin Model） to measure the trend of the market structure changes in different industry sectors. Then, it measures the change rate of total factor productivity of every industry and its three constituent parts with the stochastic frontier production function. After that, Panel data model is employed to study their impacts on market structure during the sample period. The major findings indicate that technological changes brought about by R ＆ D behavior have led to the change of market structure with the improvement of socialist market economy institution in China and the influence of tech-nical barriers and industrial policies in the manufacturing industries in China. The following are the three aspects under the function of market mechanism ： Firstly, when market entry barrier was lower, technological changes led the market structure in 15 sectors （such as food industry） to be competitive. It is indicated that the big enterprise in the industry can＇ t dominate the market when the capital barriers or the technology barriers are low. In this situa-tion, the occurrence of technological progress will lead the small business enterprise to develop into strong one, which makes the industry more and more competitive. Secondly, when market entry barrier was higher, technologi-cal changes made the market structure in both the petroleum processing and coking industry and nuclear fuel pro-cessing industry tend to monopoly. The indication is when the market entry barrier is high, the occurrence of tech-nological progress will make the business enterprise stronger while the technical property rights protection improves the degree of market concentration. Thirdly, when the industry was affected by policy, technology changes had no obvious impact on the market structure in 11 sectors, such as tobacco industry, which indicates that the degree of influence of policies and technologies on these industries is greater. The result shows that it is difficult for the mar-ket mechanism to play a role, and the technological advances brought about by the R ＆ D behaviors have different impact on the market structure of different sub - sectors of different industries, which proves the theoretical hypoth-esis of this paper.