1917年前俄国关于驻北京传教团政策的演变

On the Evolution of the Russian Government's Policies for Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing before 1917

从1715年向中国派出首届传教团,俄国政府即开始了对这个特殊驻华机构长达两个多世纪的经营。18世纪圣务院和外务院的指令以规范传教团成员行为和责成其学习满汉语及搜集情报为主旨。从第十届起传教团的活动主要以外交部1818年指令为依据,重心转向中国研究和情报搜集。1861年俄国驻华公使馆设立后,传教团专由圣务院领导,传教布道成为其主要使命。1902年外交部和圣务院等部门决定将第十八届传教团领班晋升为主教,意在满足中国东北地区俄国侨民的宗教需求,同时不放弃北京这个东正教据点。事实表明,占领中国领土和攫取贸易利益始终是俄国政府制定传教团政策的根本出发点,其在中国的宗教存在不过是实现核心利益的手段而已。

Since the first group of Russian Orthodox Mission was sent to China in 1715, Russian government had been administrating the special agency in China for more than two centuries. The Synod ordered the members of the Mission to learn Chinese and Manchu languages to collect information in China in the 18th century. Then, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ordered the Mission to collect and research information in China by the Instruction of 1818 from the tenth Group. After foundation of the Russian Legation in China in 1861, the Russian government ordered the Synod to take charge of the Mission so missionary works being as its major task. In 1902, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Holy State Council promoted the head of the 18th Mission as a bishop to meet the religious needs of the Russian emigrants in the Northeast Chin and to retain such an Orthodox fortress in Beijing as well. It had been proved that to occupy China＇sterritory, and to reap the benefits more from Russia - China trade had always been the fundamental starting point for the Russian government to develop a policy of Mission so the presence of religion in China was nothing but the means to achieve such core interests.