孟、庄养心工夫的对比与融合

Contrast and Integration of Mencius and Zhuang Zi's Methods of Nourishing the Mind

孟子与庄子都有关于"心"与"养心工夫"的论说。孟子说的心是"德性心",庄子说的心是"灵台心"。同样是心,德性心通于存在本源,揭示本心本性;灵台心关注人心虚妄,开启虚灵空境。德性心较灵台心要根本,德性心涵摄灵台心。但反过来说,庄子关于灵台心的展示能化解因对于德性心的自信而带来的执著之病。孟子"持志养气"与庄子"心斋"两套养心工夫构成"持志"与"一志"、"养气"与"听气"、"集义"与"集虚"、"知言"与"传言"等正与反、实与虚的关系。如同其心论一样,孟子的养心工夫较庄子根本,可以涵摄庄子的工夫,但庄子的工夫反过来可以对治孟子工夫末流的执著之病,因此两者也构成对比与融合关系。

As the great philosophers in the Pre-Qin period,Mencius and Zhuang Zi developed different theories and interpretations on xin(mind) and yang xin gong fu(methods of nourishing the mind).According to Mencius,the original meaning of xin should be realized as de xing xin(mind of ethical virtues);while in Zhuang Zi,xin was primarily interpreted as ling tai xin(mind as a 'spirit tower' which opens up a realm of void and freedom).After contrasting these two modes of xin,this paper points out that de xing xin is the fundamental of ling tai xin,and the latter,in turn,help avoid the problem of 'attachment' to which Mencius paid less attention.Basing on the above analysis,this paper compares Mencius' chi zhi yang qi(maintaining the will and nourishing the qi) with Zhuang Zi's xin zhai(fasting of the mind),both of which are methods of nourishing the mind,and concludes that chi zhi yang qi and xin zhai can also constitute a contrasting and integrating relation.