猫鼠型故事的跨文化研究——兼论钟敬文与季羡林先生关于同型故事的研究方法

Cross-cultural Studies of Cat & Mouse Stories:With a Discussion on the Research Methods Adopted by Zhong Jingwen and Ji Xianlin on These Stories

在近年保护文化多样性的国际思潮中,各国历史上长期传承的传统故事成为文化多样性的表征,也成为现代国家知识的组成部分。东方国家富有口头故事传统,发掘前人理论遗产,总结故事类型研究的历程,有助于梳理东方各国故事交流的历史,整理东方故事藏量巨大的原型和异文,保护文化多样性。中日印故事比较研究是一个切入点,钟敬文和季羡林先生有关中日印猫鼠型主题故事的研究已经提供了典范个案。此个案的主要突破点有:一是指出猫鼠型主题故事中的印度老鼠嫁女型为东方国家独有,但中国对它的历史记载和现实异文更为丰富,具有老鼠嫁女型与猫鼠主题故事共同传承的完整形态,此点大大突破了汤普森AT的成绩;二是揭示跨文化研究能促进编纂与西方故事类型有别的中国故事类型,同时也要考虑体现中国多民族多地区的内部文化多样性;三是在国家级层面上评价故事类型研究的价值,探索保护利用中国故事资源的现代途径;四是故事类型研究从开始就有外来理论特点,钟、季都有留学背景并使用了外来理论,但他们能用中国实际资料刷新外来学说,建立具有国学基础又有世界前沿水平的新学派,在提倡学术研究"国际化"的今天,治学之道也值得后学反思。

In recent years,in the international trend of thoughts of protecting cultural diversity,the traditional stories long passed down by generations in different countries have become the representations of cultural diversity and a part of modern national knowledge.Oriental countries possess traditions that record stories in oral way.Exploring previous theoretical heritage and reviewing researches on story patterns are helpful to trace the history of story exchanges between Oriental nations,to sort out the prototypes and their different versions with rich reserve,and to protect cultural diversity.And the comparative studies on the Chinese,Japanese and Indian versions of prototype stories are points of penetration.In this respect,Mr.Zhong Jingwen and Mr.Ji Xianlin have provided a model for research on the cat mouse stories in China,Japan and India.There are four major breakthroughs in this case study： firstly,although the mouse-marries-off-its-daughter story of the cat mouse themed story in India is unique among Oriental nations,historical records and different versions of the same story type in China are much richer and China boasts a complete form inherited from mouse-marries-off-its-daughter story type and the themed story,which breaks through the achievement made by Thompson;secondly,cross-cultural researches can promote compiling Chinese story types different from the western ones,the internal cultural diversity among different ethnic group in China should be taken into consideration;thirdly,they evaluate story type research on national level and search for the effective modern method to protect and utilize Chinese story resources;last but not least,although story research is featured with foreign theory from the beginning,and Mr.Zhong and Mr.Ji,who once studied abroad also adopted foreign theories and by using Chinese data established a world leading school based on Chinese culture.It is worthwhile for junior scholars and young students to reflect on the two senior scholars＇ research philosophy nowadays when research ＂internationalization＂ is encouraged.